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数学伤大脑
Math Hurts My Brain – Why?
数学伤大脑
It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:
又到了科学一刻听众的来信时间。一位听众写道：
I’m not a math person. In fact, anytime I have to deal with numbers, let alone solve an actual math problem‑‑which, thankfully, is not often‑‑it’s almost painful.
我不是很擅长数学。事实上，每次我跟数字一打交道就觉得痛苦不堪，跟别提解决单纯的数学问题了，不过谢天谢地，这种事不常有。
What’s going on?
怎么回事?
First, you should know that you’re certainly not alone. Lots of people suffer from what’s known as math anxiety. And what’s most interesting is that, according to one study, people with very high levels of math anxiety actually experience pain when confronted with a math challenge. Not metaphorical pain‑‑actual, real pain.
首先，你要知道你绝不孤单。许多人都遭受数学焦虑症的折磨。最有趣的是，有一项研究表明，严重数学焦虑症患者当面对数学挑战时会实实在在经历疼痛。这种疼痛不是一种想象出来的感觉，而是真实的痛感。
OK, but what does that mean? How can math cause pain?
好的，这意味着什么呢?数学怎么可能造成疼痛呢?
All in the brain
存于脑中
It’s all in the brain, of course. The researchers compared fourteen people with high math anxiety to fourteen people with low math anxiety. Each group was given a series of word and math problems while an MRI machine scanned their brain activity. Before each problem, either a yellow circle would appear to indicate that they were about to solve a math problem, or a blue square would pop up to signal a word problem.
当然，这与大脑有关。研究人员将14名严重数学焦虑症患者与14名轻度数学焦虑症患者进行对比。每组人员都拿到一系列的文字与数学问题，同时使用核磁共振成像机器对他们的大脑活动进行扫描。在每一个问题出现前，会有一个黄圈出现，指明他们即将解决一个数学问题，或是出现一个蓝色方框，这是表明弹出的是文字问题。
When people with high math anxiety saw the dreaded yellow circle, the parts of their brain linked to pain perception lit up like a pinball machine. People with low math anxiety didn’t show much or any activity in that part of the brain.
当严重数学焦虑症患者看到令人惧怕的黄圈时，他们脑部连接痛感的部分立刻如弹球机一般活跃起来。轻度数学焦虑症患者的那部分大脑则没出现太多这种情况，甚至都没有任何反应。
So doing math problems caused real pain. Not exactly. It’s the anticipation of doing math that lit up the pain sensors. Actually doing math didn’t cause any pain‑related brain activity.
因此，解决数学难题真导致真实的疼痛。并非如此。当得知要解决数学难题时，疼痛感知神经即被激活。事实上在做数学题的过程中并没有触动任何让人感知疼痛的脑部活动。
吃蔬菜的正确时间
Timing Your Vegetables Right
吃蔬菜的正确时间
Veggie Insect Repellent
蔬菜杀虫剂
When a vegetable is growing, it protects itself from insects by producing chemical nutrients that make it taste bad or seem repellant to predators. Some of these nutrients—in particular phytochemicals—have been shown to fight cancer in people. What’s more, many vegetables are able to anticipate when insects will attack, and will ramp up its defenses accordingly.
蔬菜在生长的过程中会产生化学养分，使其口感变差或让捕食者排斥，以此来保护自己免受虫害。这其中的一些化学养分，特别是植物素，已经被证明可以用于人类抵抗癌症。并且，许多蔬菜都能够提前预见昆虫的进攻，并相应地增加自身防御力。
Light Exposure
曝光量
Even after vegetables are harvested and they’re no longer fighting insects, these garden wonders can still be made to produce more nutrients at certain times. This is done by varying a vegetable’s light exposure to simulate the experience of night turning into day. Studies have shown that vegetables stored this way produce more phytochemicals during the light cycle.
即便蔬菜已经丰收，无需再抵抗昆虫，这些菜园中的奇迹依旧能在某些时候产生较多的营养素。方法就是通过改变蔬菜的光照量来制造出昼夜交替的效果。研究表明这种方式下储存的蔬菜会在光照周期中产生更多的植物素。
So eating vegetables during this golden period means you’re getting more nutritional value!
所以在这段黄金时间吃蔬菜意味着你能获得更多的营养价值!
It’s not yet clear how people might be able to activate these nutrition-packed properties at home. Perhaps simply storing veggies in the dark and then subjecting them to a flash of light is enough to trigger the process. Or it could be more complex. In any case, more research could help us find ways to maximize vegetables’ nutritional benefits.
至于人们如何能在家就激活这些储存的营养素，还不甚清楚。也许只是简单地将蔬菜储存在暗处再给予它们一闪光亮就足以触发这一过程。或者还会更复杂。无论如何，更多的研究会帮助我们找到使蔬菜营养价值最大化的方法。
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