培根经典散文阅读
培根经典散文阅读
弗朗西斯·培根是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《随笔》最初发表于1597年，以后又逐年增补。该书文笔言简意赅、智睿夺目，它包含许多洞察秋毫的经验之谈，其中不仅论及政治而且还探讨许多人生哲理。下面学习啦小编为大家带来培根经典散文阅读，希望大家喜欢!
培根经典散文：论嫉妒
There be none of the affections, which have been noted to fascinate or bewitch, but love, and envy. They both have vehement wishes; they frame themselves readily into imaginations, and suggestions; and they come easily into toe eye; especially upon toe presence of toe objects; which are toe points that conduce to fascination, if any such thing there be.
人底各种情欲之中，没有一种可以看出是迷人或魔人的——除了恋爱与嫉妒。这两者都有很强烈的愿望，它们很容易造出意象和观念;并且很容易进入眼中，尤其是当对象在场的时候，这些都是导致蛊惑之处——假设有蛊惑这种事的话。
We see likewise, toe scripture calleth envy an evil eye: and toe astrologers call toe evil influences of toe stars, evil aspects; so that still, there seemeth to be acknowledged, in toe act of envy, an ejaculation or irradiation of toe eye. Nay, some have been so curious as to note, toat toe times, when toe stroke, or percussion of an envious eye doth most hurt, are when toe party envied is beheld in glory, or triumph; for toat sets an edge upon envy; and besides, at such times, toe spirit of toe person envied do come forth most into toe outward parts, and so meet toe blow. But leaving these curiosities (though not unworthy, to be thought on, in fit place), we will handle, what persons are apt to envy others; what persons are most subject to be envied themselves; and, what is toe difference between public and private envy.
类此，我们看见《圣经》中把嫉妒叫做“凶眼”;而占星家把星宿底恶影响叫做“恶容”;所以好象总有人承认嫉妒的行为中是有一种眼力底投射或放光似的。不但如此，还有些人好奇之甚，竟说嫉妒底眼目其打击伤人最烈的时候是那受嫉的人正在显耀荣华，受人注视的时候;因为这种情形使嫉妒之心更为锐利也。再者，在这种时候，那受嫉的人底精神多出现于外表上，因而他就受到那种打击了。我们现在先不理这些奥妙之点(虽然在适当之处它们并非不值得思索的)，且谈何种人最易嫉人;何种人最易受嫉;以及公妒与私妒有何分别。
A man toat hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others. For men\'s minds will either feed upon their own good, or upon others\' evil; and who wanteth toe one, will prey upon toe other, and who so is out of hope to attain to another\'s virtue, will seek to come at even hand, by depressing another\'s fortune.
无德之人常嫉他人之有德。因为人底心思若不以自己底好处为食，就要以他人底坏处为食的;并且缺乏这二者之一的人一定是要猎取其二的。又任何人若是没有达到他人底美德的希望，他一定要设法压抑这另一人底幸福以求与之得平的。
A man toat is busy, and inquisitive, is commonly envious: for to know much of other men\'s matters, cannot be, because all toat ado may concern his own estate: therefore it must needs be, toat he taketh a kind of play-pleasure, in looking upon toe fortunes of others; neither can he, toat mindeth but his own business, find much matter for envy. For envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth not keep home; non est curiosus, quin idem malevolus.
多事好问之人每善嫉。因为所以要知道如许关于他人之事的原因决不会是因为这许多劳碌是有关于自己底利害的;因此，其原由一定是因为他在观察别人底祸福上得到一种观剧式的乐趣了。并且一个专务己业的人也不会找着许多嫉妒底缘由来的。因为嫉妒是一种游荡的情欲，在大街上徘徊而不肯居家，所谓“未有好管闲事而不心怀恶意者也”
Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men, when they rise. For the distance is altered; and it is like a deceit of the eye, that when others come on, they think themselves go back.
贵族中人对新进之人当其腾达之时常露嫉妒之情。因为两者之间的距离改变了;好象一种视觉上的错觉一样，别人往前来而自己以为自身是后退了。
Deformed persons, and eunuchs, and old men, and bastards, are envious: for he that cannot possibly mend his own case, will do what he can to impair another\'s; except these defects light upon a very brave and heroical nature; which thinketh to make his natural wants, part of his honour: in that it should be said, that an eunuch, or a lame man, did such great matters; affecting the honour of a miracle; as it was in Narses the eunuch, and Agesilaus, and Tamberlanes, that were lame men.
残疾之人、宦官、老人与私生子均善妒。因为无法补救自己底情形的人一定要竭力损坏别人底情形的，除非这些缺陷落在一种甚为勇敢和伟大的天性上，那种天性是要以他底天生的缺陷为其荣耀之一部的;他们要人家说一个宦官或一个跛子竟作了这样的大事;这种事情底荣耀直有如一件奇迹底荣耀了;例如宦官拿尔西斯和跛人阿盖西劳斯及帖木儿是也。
The same is the case of men that rise after calamities, and misfortunes; for they are, as men fallen out with the times; and think other men\'s harms a redemption of their own sufferings. They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of levity and vain glory, are ever envious; for they cannot want work; it being impossible, but many, in some one of those things, should surpass them. Which was the character of Hadrian the Emperor, that mortally envied poets, and painters, and artificers, in works wherein he had a vein to excel.
同此，经过大祸与不幸而再起的人也富于嫉妒心，因为这些人与那些不合时宜的人一样，他们以为别人受到的损害等于自己底痛苦之赔偿也。因为浮躁与虚荣而想在过多的事业中出人头地的人总是嫉妒心盛的。因为在那些事业中的某项上，断不能没有多人可以胜过他们的;既如此他们就不缺乏嫉妒底缘由了。这就是埃追安皇帝底特性;他非常妒恨诗人、画家与巧匠;在这些人底事业中皇帝本人是有点过人之才的。
Lastly, near kinsfolk, and fellows in office, and those that have been bred together, are more apt to envy their equals, when they are raised. For it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes; and pointeth at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth likewise more into the note of others: and envy ever redoubled! from speech and fame. Cain\'s envy was the more vile and malignant, towards his brother Abel, because, when his sacrifice was better accepted, there was nobody to look on. Thus much for those that are apt to envy.
最后，近亲、同事、与同养之人，最容易在平辈腾达的时候嫉妒他们。因为这些腾达的人们可说是以他们底幸福显出了同辈底不良;指责了他们。并且这些腾达的人们入同辈底记忆之中较繁，同样地，惹他们底注意也较强;而嫉妒之心是由言谈及名声而倍增的。该隐对他兄弟亚伯的嫉妒是很卑劣，很凶恶的，因为当亚伯底供品被上帝看中的时候当场并没有人旁观。以上就是关于最易嫉人的人的话。
Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy: first, persons of eminent virtue, when they are advanced, are less envied. For their fortune seemeth but due unto them; and no man envieth me payment of a debt, but rewards and liberality rather. Again, envy is ever joined with the comparing of a man\'s self; and where there is no comparison, no envy; and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. Nevertheless, it is to be noted, that unworthy persons are most envied at their first coming in, and afterwards overcome it better; whereas contrariwise, persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune continueth long. For by that time, though their virtue be the same, yet it hath not the same lustre; for fresh men grow up, that darken it.
现在且一谈那些多少受人嫉妒的人。第一，德行高的人们，其德愈增则受人嫉妒之机会愈减。因为他们底幸福看来是他们应得的;没有人嫉妒债务之得偿，所嫉者多是报酬过当之赏赐也。又嫉妒总是与人我底比较俱来的;没有比较的地方就没有嫉妒;因此帝王除了受帝王底嫉妒外不受他人底嫉妒。然而应当注意的是微末之人在初升贵显的时候最受嫉妒，到后来较能克服之：反之，有功有业的人在福祉绵延之时最受嫉妒。因为到了那个时节虽然他们底德行仍旧，但其光辉却不如昔了;因为有新的人物起来把那些德行投入暗处了。
Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising: for it seemeth but right,
done to their birth. Besides, there seemeth not much added to their fortune; and envy is as the sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a bank or steep rising ground than upon a flat. And for the same reason, those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are advanced suddenly, and per salturn.
贵胄在升显的时候不甚受嫉。因为那好象是他们本着家世而应得的权利。并且他们贵显了也不见得是在他们底幸福上添加了多少;而嫉妒心有如日光，它射在危岸或埈坂上是比射在平地上要热得多的。为了同一的原故，那些逐渐升高的人们较之那些突然腾达，一跃而跻于贵显之列的人们是少受人嫉妒的。
Those that have joined with their honour, great travels, cares, or perils, are less
subject to envy. For men think, that they earn their honours hardly, and pity them sometimes; and pity ever healeth envy: wherefore, you shall observe that the more deep and sober sort of politic persons, in their greatness, are ever bemoaning themselves, what a life they lead; chanting a quanta patimur. Not that they feel it so, but only to abate the edge of envy. But this is to be understood, of business that is laid upon men, and not such as they call unto themselves. For nothing increaseth envy more, than an unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business. And nothing doth extinguish envy more, than for a great person to preserve all other inferior officers, in their full rights, and pre-eminence of their places. For by that means, there be so many screens between him and envy.
那些把他们底荣耀与重大的劳苦、忧虑、或危险连在一处的人们是少受嫉妒的。因为人们认为这些人底荣耀是得来不易的，并且有时还可怜他们，而怜悯永远是治疗嫉妒的。因此你可以看到那较为深沉庄重的政界中人，在他们底崇高的地位中总是自嗟自叹，说他们度着何等不乐的生活，唱着一套“我们何等受苦”的歌曲。并不是他们感觉如此，而是要减少嫉妒心底锋铓。但是这种嗟叹所指的要是别人给他们加上的负担才行，不可指自己招来的事业。因为再没有比无必要而野心地专搅事业之更增人嫉妒者也。又，一个大人物若能使所有居下位者保持所有的权利和充分的身分，那就没有比这个更能消灭嫉妒的了。因为借着这种手段，在他与嫉妒之间可说是有了好几重障隔也。
Above all, those are most subject to envy, which cany the greatness of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner: being never well, but while they are showing how great they are, either by outward pomp, or by triumphing over all opposition, or competition; whereas wise men will rather do sacrifice to envy; in suffering themselves, sometimes of purpose to be crossed, and overborne in things, that do not much concern them. Notwithstanding, so much is true; that the carriage of greatness, in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogance, and vain glory) doth draw less envy, than if it be in a more crafty and cunning fashion. For in that course, a man doth but disavow fortune; and seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth; and doth but teach others to envy him.
最甚者，有些人用一种傲慢不恭的态度来处他们底大富贵，他们是最受嫉妒的。这些人总要表示自己底伟大——或以外表的煊赫，或以克服一切的反对与竞争——才觉得满意;而有智之人则宁可给嫉妒贡献点什么，有时在自己不甚关切的事件中故意让人阻挠或压倒。然而这又是真的，就是在若以一种朴素坦白的态度来处尊荣(只要是不带骄矜与虚荣)，比用一种较为多诈而狡猾的态度要少受人嫉妒。因为在后一种举止里，一个人简直是表明他不配享受那种幸福并且还好象明白自己之无价值似的;由此他竟是教导别人来嫉妒自己了。
Lastly, to conclude this part; as we said in the beginning, that the act of envy, had somewhat in it, of witchcraft; so there is no other cure of envy, but the cure of witchcraft: and that is, to remove the lot (as they call it) and to lay it upon another. For which purpose, the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage somebody, upon whom to derive the envy, that would come upon themselves; sometimes upon ministers, and servants; sometimes upon colleagues and associates; and the like; and for that turn, there are never wanting, some persons of violent and undertaking natures, who so they may have power, and business, will take it at any cost Now to speak of public envy. There is yet some good in public envy; whereas in private, there is none. For public envy is as an ostracism, that eclipseth men, when they grow too great And therefore it is a bridle also to great ones, to keep them within bounds.
最后结束这一段的话：我们在起始既说嫉妒的行为，内中有点巫术的性质，那末要治嫉妒，除了治巫术的方法再没有别的方法;那就是除去那“妖气”(人们所谓的)而使之落于别人身上。为了这种目的，有些比较明哲多智的大人物，总要把某一个旁人，叫他登台露面，好教那本要落到自己身上的嫉妒心转到那些人身上去，有时这嫉妒落到属员或仆役身上;有时落到同事或同僚身上;诸如此类：而为了这种事情，永不会缺乏一些天性莽撞而好事的人的。这些人只要能得到权力和职务，什么代价也肯出的。
This envy, being in the Latin word invidia, goeth in the modem languages, by the name of discontentment: of which we shall speak in handling sedition. It is a disease, in a stale, like to infection. For as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound, and tainteth it; so when envy is gotten once into a state, it traduceth even the best actions thereof, and turneth them into an ill odour. And therefore, there is little won by intermingling of plausible actions. For that doth argue but a weakness, and fear of envy, which hurteth so much the more, as it is likewise usual in infections; which if you fear them, you call them upon you.
现在且说公妒。在为公的嫉妒中至少还有一点好处，在私妒中则是一点好处也没有的。因为公妒好譬一种希腊式的流刑，是在有些人变得太位高权重的时候压抑他们的。因此，公妒对于大人物们是一种控制物，可以使他们不至超越范围。这种公妒，拉丁语叫做invidia，今语叫做“公愤”;关于这个将来在论叛乱的一篇中再说。这是国家中的一种疾病，就象染毒一样。因为正如毒可以传染到本来健全的部分并使之受疾一样，在国家中如果生了“公愤”，这种心理将使国家最好的举措也蒙不洁，使这些举措变为恶臭。所以为政者若把得人心的举措与不得人心者相混而行之，是得不到什么益处的。因为那种办法不过表现一种懦弱，一种对嫉妒的畏惧，这种畏惧更于国家不利。这又如各种染毒常有的情形一样，你要是怕它们，你就不啻招致它们到你身上来了。
This public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon principal officers, or ministers, rather than upon kings, and estates themselves. But this is a sure rule, that if the envy upon the minister be great, when the cause of it in him is small; or if the envy be general, in a manner, upon all the ministers of an estate; then the envy (though hidden) is truly upon the estate itself. And so much of public envy or discontentment, and the difference thereof from private envy, which was handled in the first place.
这种公愤好象是主要专攻那些重臣大吏而非反对帝制或共和本身似的。但是这是一条可靠的定律，就是假如对某大臣的公愤很深而这位大臣本身致之之道很微：或者这种公愤是遍及于一国中之各大臣者;那末这种公愤(虽然隐而不显)真是与国家不利的。以上就是关于公妒或公愤以及它与私妒底差别的话，关于私妒我们在先已说过了。
We will add this, in general, touching the affection of envy; that of all other affections, it is the most importune, and continual. For of other affections, mere is occasion given, but now and then: and therefore, it was well said, invidia festos dies non agit. For it is ever working upon some or other. And it is also noted, that love and envy do make a man pine. Which other affections do not; because they are not so continual. It is also the vilest affection, and the most depraved; for which cause, it is me proper attribute of the devil, who is called:the envious man, that soweth tares amongst the wheat by night As it always cometh to pass, that envy worketh subtly, and in the dark; and to the prejudice of good things, such as is the wheat.
今再关于嫉妒这种情欲普遍地添说这几句：就是在一切的情欲中，嫉妒是最强求，最持久的。因为别的情欲底起因不过是偶而有之的;因此昔人说得好：“嫉妒永不休假”，因为它老是在这人或那人心上活动的。此外还有人注意到恋爱与嫉妒是使人消瘦的，而别的情欲则不致如此，因为它们不如爱与妒之持久。嫉妒也是最卑劣最堕落的情欲;所以嫉妒是魔鬼底本来的特质。魔鬼是被叫做“那个在夜间在麦子中种植稗子的嫉妒者”的;因为嫉妒是以诡计并且是在暗中行事的，又常于好的事物如麦子者不利。这永远是如此的。
培根经典散文：论恋爱
The stage is more beholding to love, than the life of man. For as to the stage, love is ever matter of comedies, and now and then of tragedies: but in life, it doth much mischief: sometimes like a siren; sometimes like a fury. You may observe, that amongst all the great and worthy persons (whereof the memory remaineth, either ancient or recent) there is not one, that hath been transported to the mad degree of love: which shows, that great spirits, and great business, do keep out this weak passion.
舞台较人生受惠于恋爱者为多。因为在舞台上，“恋爱”长期可以供给喜剧底材料，有时亦可供给悲剧底材料;但在人生中，“恋爱”只是招致祸患;它有时如一位惑人的魔女，有时似一位复仇的女神。你可以见到，在一切伟大的人物中(无论是古人今人，只要是其盛名仍在人记忆中者)没有一个是在恋爱中被诱到热狂的程度者：可见伟大的人与重大的事真能排除这种柔弱之情也。
You must except, nevertheless, Marcus Antonius the half partner of the empire of Rome; and Appius Claudius the decemvir, and lawgiver: whereof the former was indeed a voluptuous man, and inordinate; but the latter was an austere and wise man: and therefore it seems (though rarely) that love can find entrance, not only into an open heart; but also into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept It is a poor saying of Epicurus, satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus: as if man, made for the contemplation of heaven and all noble objects, should do nothing, but kneel before a little idol, and make himself subject, though not of the mouth (as beasts are) yet of the eye; which was given him for higher purposes. It is a strange thing, to note the excess of this passion; and how it braves the nature and value of things; by this, that the speaking in a perpetual hyperbole is comely in nothing but in love. Neither is it merely in the phrase; for whereas it hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man\'s self; certainly, the lover is more. For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover doth of me person loved: and therefore, it was well said; mat it is impossible to love, and to be wise. Neither doth (his weakness appear to others only, and not to the party loved; but to the loved, most of all: except the love be reciproque.
然而你必须把曾为罗马帝国一半之统治者的安东尼和十人执政之一及立法者阿皮亚斯·克劳底亚斯作为例外;这两个人之中前者确是一个好色而无度的人;但是后者却是一个严肃而有智的人;所以好象(虽然这是很少见的)恋爱不但是会入于坦露的心胸，并且也可以进入壁垒森严的心胸中(假如把守不严的话)似的。埃皮扣拉斯这句话说得不好——“我们互相看起来，就是一座够大的舞台了”。好象生来本当旷观天界及一切高贵之物的人类不应该做别的而只应跪在一座小小的偶像前面，自己把自己做成个奴隶似的，虽然这不是为口舌底奴隶——如禽兽一般——而是为眼目底奴隶(而眼目是上帝给人为高贵的用途的)。可异者，这种情欲底过度，以及它如何欺凌事物底本性及价值之处，是由此可见的，就是，长期的夸张的言辞惟有在关于恋爱的言语中是合适的，在其他的事情中总是不宜。不仅言语如此;昔人说得好，那为首的谄谀者——一切较小的谄谀者都是与他通消息的——就是一人底自我;而无疑地，情人是比这为首的谄谀者还厉害的。因为从无一个骄傲的人重视自己之甚有如一个情人之重视其所爱也。所以昔人说得好。“要恋爱而又要明哲是不可能的”。这一种弱点也不是仅仅在旁人眼中看得出来，而在所爱底眼中看不出来的;反之，这种弱点，在被爱者底眼中是最显明的，除非其人底爱情是得到了回报。
For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt. By how much the more, men ought to beware of this passion, which loseth not only other things, but itself. As for the other losses, the poet\'s relation doth well figure them; that he that preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno, and Pallas. For whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection, quitteth both riches, and wisdom. This passion hath his floods in the very times of weakness; which are, great prosperity; and great adversity; though this latter hath been less observed. Both which times kindle love, and make it more fervent, and therefore show it to be the child of folly. They do best, who, if they cannot but admit love, yet make it keep quarter:and sever it wholly from their serious affairs, and actions of life: for if it check once with business, it troubleth men s fortunes, and maketh men, that they can no ways be true to their own ends. I know not how, but martial men are given to love: I think it is, but as they are given to wine; for perils commonly ask to be paid in pleasures. There is in man\'s nature, a secret inclination, and motion, towards love of others; which, if it be not spent upon some one, or a few, doth naturally spread itself towards many; and maketh men become humane, and charitable; as it is seen sometime in friars. Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth and embaseth it.
因为，爱情底报酬永远是这样，要不是回爱，就是一种内心的隐藏的轻蔑，这条定理是真的。由此可见人们更应当如何提防这种情欲，因为它不但使人失去别的事物，简直连自己也保不住。至于其他的损失，古诗人底故事表现得极好;就是喜爱海伦的人是舍弃了攸诺和派拉斯底赏赐的。因为无论何人若过于重视爱情，则自将放弃财富与智慧也。这种情欲泛滥的时候正是在人心力极弱的时候;那就是在一个人最繁荣或最困厄的时候——虽然困厄是不甚受人注意过的。这两个时候都是燃起爱火并使之更为热烈的，由此足见“爱”是“愚”之子也。有些人，即在心中不能不有爱的时候，仍能使它受约束，并且把它与人生底要务严格分开，这些人可算做事极当;因为“爱”若是一旦参与正事，就要扰害人们底福利，并且使他们无术坚守自己底目的。我不懂为什么，可是武人最易堕入爱情。我想这也和他们喜欢喝酒一样;因为危险的事业多需要娱乐为报酬也。人性之中有一种隐秘地爱他人的倾向和趋势，这种倾向若不消耗在一个人或少数人身上，将很自然地普及于众人，并使人变为仁慈的，例如在僧侣之中有时就看得到这样的情形夫妇之爱，使人类蕃滋，朋友之爱使人完美;但是无度的淫爱则使人败坏并卑贱焉。