经典中国历史故事
经典中国历史故事
中国历史上下五千年，在这悠长的历史长河中，中国有着不少经典的历史故事值得后人思考。下面学习啦小编为大家带来经典中国历史故事，欢迎大家阅读!
经典中国历史故事：名落孙山
In the Song Dynasty(960-1279) there was a joker called Sun Shan.
宋代有一个名叫孙山的才子，他为人幽默，很善于说笑话，所以人称滑稽才子。
One year he went to take the imperial examination, and came bottom of the list of successful candidates. Back in his hometown, one of his neighbours asked him whether the neighbour's son had also passed. Sun Shan said, with a smile: "Sun Shan was the last on the list, your son came after Sun Shan."
一年，他和一个同乡的儿子去京城参加举人的考试。放榜的时候，孙山的名字虽然列在榜文的倒数第一名，但仍然是榜上有名，而他那位同乡的儿子，却没能考上。不久，孙山先回到家里，同乡便来问他自己的儿子有没有考取。孙山既不好意思直说，又不便隐瞒，于是，就随口念出两句不成诗的诗句来：解元尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。解元，就是我国科举制度所规定的举人的第一名。而孙山在诗里所谓的解元，乃是泛指一般考取的举人。他的意思是说：举人榜上的最后一名是我孙山，而令郎的名字却还在我孙山的后面。
Later, people used this idiom to indicate failing in an examination or competition.
从此，人们便根据这个故事，把投考学校或参加各种考试没有被录取叫做名落孙山。
经典中国历史故事：破釜沉舟
During the late years of the Qi Dynasty(221-206BC), Xiang Yu led a rebellion. After crossing the Zhang River, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink all their boats and break their cooking pots. He issued each soldier three days' rations(给养) and warned them that there was no way to retreat; the only thing they could do to survive was to advance and fight. After mine fierce battles, the Qin army was finally defeated.
This idiom is used to indicate one's firm determination to achieve one's goal at any cost.
秦朝末年，秦军大将章邯攻打赵国。赵军退守巨鹿(今河北平乡西南)，并被秦军重重包围。楚怀王于是封宋义为上将军，项羽为副将率军救援赵国。
宋义引兵至安阳(今山东曹县东南)后，接连46天按兵不动，对此项羽十分不満，于是要求进军决战，解困赵国。但宋义却希望秦赵两军交战后待秦军力竭之后才进攻。
但此时军中粮草缺乏士卒困顿，而宋义仍旧饮酒自顾，项羽见此忍无可忍，进营帐杀了宋义，并声称他叛国反楚。于是将士们则拥项羽为上将军。项羽杀宋义的事，威震楚国，名闻诸侯。
随后，他率所有军队悉数渡黄河前去营救赵国以解巨鹿之围。项羽在全军渡黄河之后他下令把所有的船只凿沉，打破烧饭用的锅，烧掉自己的营房，只带三天干粮，以此表决一死战，没有一点后退的打算。
正是这样已无退路的大军到了巨鹿外围，并包围了秦军和截断秦军外联的通道。楚军战士以一当十，杀伐声惊天动地。经过九次的激战，楚军最终大破秦军。而前来增援的其他各路诸侯却都因胆怯，不敢近前。楚军的骁勇善战大大提高了项羽的声威。以至战胜后，项羽于辕门接见各路诸侯时，各诸侯皆不敢正眼眼看项羽。
后来，“皆沉船，破釜甑”演化为成语“破釜沉舟”，以比喻拚死一战，决心很大。
经典中国历史故事：骑虎难下
Yang Jian was the regent(摄政王) of the last king of Northern Zhou(557-581). His wife advised him: "Northern Zhou is dying. Now it is as if you are riding on the back of a tiger. It will be dangerous to dismount(下马，下车) . You can do nothing but continue." Yang Jian thought this quite reasonable. Later, he founded the Sui Dynasty, and united China once more.
This idom is used as a metaphor meaning that one is in a difficult situation and cannot help but ontinue to pursue one's sourse.
骑虎难下典故：晋朝时期，镇守历阳的将领苏峻和祖约以诛杀朝廷奸臣为名，率领军队进入都城建康，把持了朝中大权。
江州刺史温峤(qiáo)听说叛军在都城作乱，立刻挺身而出，拥戴征西大将军陶侃为盟主，起兵讨伐叛军。由于叛军人多势众，陶侃接连吃了几次败仗，有些沉不住气了，开始埋怨温峤过高估计了自己的实力。溫峤说：“战胜叛军的关键在于队伍的团结，而不能是一盘散沙。 当年刘秀救昆阳，曹操战官渡不都是团结一致，以少胜多的典范吗?叛军只凭一时气盛攻占了都城，他们利欲熏心，是一群乌合之众，只要我们团结努力，就一定能战胜他们。现在国难当头，我们仗义讨伐叛军，顺人心，合民意，决不能后退。这就好比骑在老虎身上，如果，不把它打死，怎么能半途从它身上跳下来呢?”
陶侃听了温峤的话，觉得很有道理，重新树立了作战信心。他和溫峤仔细商议对策，从水陆两路进攻，终于打败了叛军。
骑虎难下意思：骑在老虎背上不能下来。比喻做一件事情继续下去有困难，但情况又不允许中途停止，陷于进退两难的境地。
经典中国历史故事：按图索骥
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a man in the State of Qin whose name was Sun Yang. Sun Yang was very expert in looking at horses and judging their worth. Whatever the horse might be, he could tell whether it was good or bad at first sight. People called him Bo Le (Bo Le was the name of one of the celestial bodies and was fabled to be in charge of heavenly steeds), and he was often asked to appraise and select horses.
春秋时候，秦国有个叫孙阳的人，擅长相马，无论什么样的马，他一眼就能分出优劣。他常常被人请去识马、选马，人们都称他为伯乐(“伯乐”本是天上的星名，据说负责管理天马)。
One day, when Sun Yang was passing a place, an old horse pulling a cart loaded with salt suddenly neighed to him without stopping. He came near, and saw that it was a horse that really could cover a thousand Li a day, and that the only problem with it was that it was a little too old. The old horse was pulling the heavy cart with difficulties and hardships. Sun Yang felt acutely that the horse was really unjustly treated, for it might have been a fine steed galloping on the battlefield. It was a great pity that it was pulling the cart loaded with salt without attracting public attention, which had taken the edge off its spirit and consumed its energy. When he thought of this, he was so grieved that he shed tears.
有一次，孙阳路过一个地方，忽见一匹拖着盐车的老马冲他叫个不停，走近一看，原来是匹千里马，只是年龄稍大了点。老马拉着车艰难地走着，孙阳觉得太委屈了这匹千里马，它本是可以奔跑于疆场，可以发挥更大作用的宝马良驹，现在却默默无闻地拖着盐车，慢慢地消耗着它的锐气和体力，实在可惜!孙阳想到这里，难过得落下泪来。
In order to help more people learn how to appraise horses so that fine horses which could cover a thousand LI a day would no longer fall into oblivion, and also in order to ensure that his unique skill in judging horses would not be lost, Sun Yang worte a book entitled The Art of Looking at Horses and Judging Their Worth, based on his experiences and knowledge accumulated over the years. The book was also illustrated with the pictures of various horses.
为了让更多的人学会相马，使千里马不再被埋没，也为了自己一身绝技不至于失传，孙阳把自己多年积累的相马经验和知识写成了一本书，配上各种马的形态图，书名叫《相马经》。
Sun Yang had a son who, after reading his father's The Art of Looking at Horses and Judging Their Worth, thought it was very esay to appraise horses. So he took the book with him to look for fine horses everywhere. At first he searched according to the pictures in the book, and accomplished nothing. Then he searched according to the characteristics of a toad fit very well the characteristics described in the book. So he happily took the toad back home, and said to his father, "Father, I have found a horse that can cover a thousand Li a day, only its hoofs are not good enough." Looking at the toad, Sun Yang did not know whether he should laugh or cry. Knowing that his son was stupid, Sun Yang said humourously. "It's a pity that this horse is too fond of jumping to pull a cart." Then he sighed, "That is just what we call looking for a steed with the aid of its picture."
孙阳有个儿子，看了父亲写的《相马经》，以为相马很容易，就拿着这本书到处找好马。他按照书上所绘的图形去找，一无所获。又按书中所写的特征去找，最后发现有一只癞蛤蟆很像书中写的千里马的特征，便高兴地把癞蛤蟆带回家，对父亲说：“爸爸，我找到一匹千里马，只是蹄子稍差些。”父亲一看，哭笑不得，没想到儿子竟如此愚笨，便幽默地说：“可惜这马太喜欢跳了，不能用来拉车。”接着感叹道：“所谓按图索骥也。”
Later, people have used the set phrase "look for a steed with the aid of its picture" to refer to handling affairs mechanically in the outmoded ways without being flexible. Somethimes it is also used to refer to trying to locate something by following up a clue. This set phrase originates in Lumbering in the Forest of Art written by Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
故事出自明朝杨慎的《艺林伐山》。成语“按图索骥”，比喻机械地照老办法办事，不知变通;也比喻按照某种线索去寻找事物。
经典中国历史故事：如火如荼
In the years around 480 B.C.,China was in the last phase of the Spring and Autumn Period.Fu Chai,King of the State of Wu,conquered the states of Yue,Lu and Chi one after another.Then Fu Chai,overweeningly ambitious,led his army marching into the Northwest in an attempt to conquer the State of Jin in one vigorous effort.
春秋时代末期，吴国国王夫差连续征服了越国、鲁国和齐国，雄心勃勃，又继续向西北进军，打算一鼓作气征服晋国。
But just at that time,Gou Jian,king of the State of Yue,outflanked Fu Chai and attacked him in the rear.Gou Jian's army fought one battle after another and arrived in Gu Su,capital of the State of Wu,at last,and took away the big boats of the State of Wu.Gou Jin also sent his troops to occupy the Huai River immediately,thus cutting off Fu Chai's retreat.
可正在这个时候，越王勾践抄了吴王的后路。他带领军队一直打到吴国的国都姑苏(苏州)，又派人马占据淮河，把吴王的退路切断了。
The shocking news reached Fu Chai,king of the State of Wu,like a head-on blow to him.So he called his civilian officials and military generals at once to find a way to deal with this serious situation.His civilian officials and military their troops now would mean defeat,and that they would be attacked by both the troops of the Jin army and the troops of the Yue army.But ,if they could defeat the State of Jin,Fu Chai would become a powerful chief of the princes at that time,and it would not be too late for Fu Chai to settle with Gou Jian after that.
这消息给吴王夫差当头泼了一盆冷水，他非常震惊，立即召集文臣武将商量对策。大家说，现在退回去等于两关打了败仗，还会两头挨打;如果能打败晋国，就等于在诸候国中当定了霸主，再回去收拾越王勾践也不算晚。
Having made this decision,they knew that a pressing matter of the moment was to conquer th State of Jin as quickly as possible.After considering over and over again,they decided to try to defeat the Jin army by a surprise move.
大主意已经拿定，当务之急是尽快征服晋国。考虑再三，决定出奇制胜。
One day towards evening,the king of the State of Wu gave his orders.The officers and men of the whole army ate their fill,and the steeds were well fed with fodder.30,000 officers and men were chosen from the whole army to from three phalanxes,with 10,000officers and men each.The solders in the middle phalanx wore white suits of armour,and carried white flags and white bows and arrows,and they were led by king of the State of Wu Fu Chai himself.The other two phalanxes were led by senior generals.The soldiers in the left phalanx wore red suits of armour,and carried red flags and red bows and arrows.The in dealing with the case,because the empress would certainly blame him and punish him.How could he solve the problem then? He turned the problem over and over in his mind, and finally thought out a "brilliant scheme".
一天傍晚，吴王下达了命令。全军将士吃得饱饱的，马也喂足了草料。从全军中挑出三万精兵强将。每一万人摆成一个方阵，共摆三个方阵。每个方阵横竖都是一百人。每一行排头的都是军官司。每十行，也就是一千人，由一个大夫负责。每项一个方阵由一名将军率领。
Lai Junchen had a sumptuous feast prepared,and invited Zhou Xing to his home. The two of them urged each other to drink,and they talked while drinking.After the wine had gone round three times,I often come across prisoners who stubbournly refuse to admit they are guilty.I wonder if you have any effective measures. " Hearing this,Zhou Xing said,"Get a big vat,scorch it hot with charcoal fire all around,and then let the prisoner come into the vat.Will the prisoner fail to make a comfession of his crime?"Hearing this,LaiJunchen nodded his head in approval repeatedly.He then ordered his subordinates to bring a big vat ,and had a charcoal fire lit all around it as Zhou Xing had said.He then turned to Zhou Xing and said,"Someone in the rebellion.The empress has ordered me to deal with the case severely.So I beg your pardon,but would you kindly step into the soldiers in the right phalanx wore black suits of armour,and carried black flags and black bows and arrows.The whole army set out at midnight,and arrived at dawn at a place within a LI's distance of the Jin army.When the day was beginning to break,the soldiers of the Wu army began to berat the drums heavily and their shoutings resounded like rolls of thunder.
中间的方阵白盔白甲，白衣服，白旗帜，白弓箭，由吴王自己掌握，称为中军;左边的方阵，红盔红甲、红衣服、红简直就像深不可测;右边的方阵则一水儿黑色。半夜出发，黎明时分到达离晋军仅有一里路的地方。天色刚刚显出亮色，吴军鼓声大作，欢呼之声震天动工地。
Awakening from their dreams,the solders of the Jin army were almost stupefied by the imposing manner of the three phalanxes of the Wu army.The white phalanx was like a field covered with flowering rush,the red phalanx was like a burning fire,and the black phalanx was simply like a sea too deep to fathom.
晋军从梦中醒来，一看吴军那三个方阵和声威气势，简直都惊呆了：那白色方阵，“望之如荼”——像开满白花的茅草地;那红色方阵，“望之如火”——如像熊熊燃烧的火焰;而那黑色的方阵，简直就象深不可测的大海。
This story comes from Comversations from the States.Later generations often use the set phrase "like fire and flowering rush"to refer to tremendous momentum.
故事出自《国语·吴语》。成语“如火如荼”，形容某种人群或事物阵容之大，气势之盛。
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