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杂草为何容易重生
Why Crabgrass Always Wins at Monopoly
杂草为何容易重生
Crabgrass is an ugly, obnoxious weed that is the scourge of the perfect lawn and its perfectionist gardener. Along with being an eyesore, it’s also responsible for a substantial amount of crop loss on commercial farms.
杂草丑陋而令人生厌。是整齐的草坪和崇尚完美主义园丁的祸害。除了难看之外，它还要为商业农场农作物收成大量受损承担责任。
Weeding Out Competition
淘汰竞争
Common wisdom says that crabgrass is hard to get rid of because it crowds out the plants around it, and does not allow them to get enough space and nutrients. However, scientists have long wondered if crabgrass dominates your lawn’s real estate by using a technique called allelopathy. This literally means “others suffering,” and occurs when a plant harms another by emitting toxic substances into the environment, usually through the soil.
按照常理，这种杂草很难根除是因为它排挤周围的植物使得它们没有充足的生长空间和养料。然而，科学家们一直想知道，这种杂草是否通过使用一种名为植化相克的方法支配你家草坪的居住权。这个术语字面上的意思是"非我族类，连根清除"。当某种植物通过释放有毒物质到环境中(通常通过土壤)来伤害其他植物时，这种现象就在发生。
Researchers from Nankai University, China Agricultural University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences all found that crabgrass uses this method of “weeding out” neighboring plants.
来自南开大学，中国农业大学，和中国科学院的研究人员都发现这种杂草使用这个方法清除周围的植物。
In their experiment, researchers isolated three chemicals from crabgrass roots and nearby soil, and then added them to potted plants of wheat, maize, and soybeans. Sure enough, the plants treated with crabgrass toxins did not grow as well.
在实验中，研究人员从这种杂草的根部和其周围土壤中隔绝出三种化学物质，然后将它们加入盆栽的小麦，玉米和大豆中。不出所料，受这种杂草毒素影响的植物都生长不佳。
Chemical Warfare
化学战争
Tests revealed that the compounds reduced the amount of carbon in the soil’s microbial biomass. This means crabgrass can actually change the makeup of the bacteria in the dirt around it. Since plants rely on bacteria in order to absorb key nutrients such as nitrogen and organic compounds, the vicious weed makes life extremely hard on its surrounding neighbors.
这些试验揭示了该复合物降低了碳在土壤中微生物生物量中碳的数量。这意味着这种杂草确实能够改变其周围泥土中细菌的组成。因为植物依靠细菌来吸收诸如氮和有机化合物这样的重要养分，邪恶的杂草使它的邻居的生存极为艰难。
So the next time you squirt Round‑Up on that pesky patch of crabgrass, remember that the weed is emitting a little herbicide of its own. It’s chemical warfare, right under your nose.
所以下次，当你向那一撮讨厌的杂草喷除草剂时，要记住杂草自身会释放一些除草剂。在你的眼皮子底下进行一场化学战争。
烹饪与人类的智慧
Cooking Up Human Intelligence
烹饪与人类的智慧
So what makes the human brain so special? Actually, it might not be that special after all.
所以说是什么让人类的大脑如此特别?实际上，这或许根本就不特别。
Sliding Scales
变化的幅度
In 2009, Dr. Suzana Herculano Houzel and her colleagues showed that the human brain has the same density of nerve cells as other primates. Comparing humans to smaller primates, she claims that our brain is no bigger than it should be for our body size. Still, given the distinctive way that primate brains scale with size, we may have the most brain cells of any mammal.
在2009年，苏珊娜·埃尔库拉诺·乌泽尔博士和她的同事们展示了人类大脑的神经细胞密度和其它的灵长类动物一样。与其它较小的灵长类动物相比，苏珊娜博士称我们的大脑与我们自身体型相比并不算大。但考虑到灵长类动物大脑尺寸比例的独特方式，人类拥有所有哺乳动物中最多的脑细胞。
That being said, gorillas can grow to be three times our size, but still have much smaller brains than ours.
话虽如此，大猩猩能长到我们体型的三倍，但它们的大脑仍然比我们小得多。
Brain cells need more energy than most body cells. Although the brain is less than 2 percent of the mass of the human body, it consumes 20 percent of our resting metabolic energy. Gorillas have to spend more than eight hours every day eating to get enough calories to support their big body, and they simply can’t afford a bigger brain.
脑细胞比其它身体细胞需要更多的能量。虽然大脑所占人体的比重小于2%，但它却消耗我们静止时代谢能的20%。为了给庞大的身躯提供足够的能量，大猩猩每天要花费超过8小时的时间进食，因此它们无法负担更大的大脑。
Brain Food
大脑的食物
So, then, how did human ancestors overcome this limitation? Beginning with homo erectus, about two million years ago, our ancestors couldn’t have afforded the metabolic cost of their increasingly large brains if they ate raw food like gorillas do.
所以，人类的祖先又是如何突破限制的?从直立的人类开始，大约两百万年前，随着大脑越来越大，如果人类的祖先还像大猩猩那样进食生的食物，那么他们将无法给大脑提供足够的代谢值。
Primatologist Richard Wrangham thinks that the invention of cooking with fire is what made this growth in brain size possible. Cooked food is easier to digest and yields more calories. Cooking may have made the human brain possible, and freed us from having to spend all day eating.
灵长类动物学家理查德·兰厄姆认为发明用火烹饪，使得大脑生长变大成为可能。烹煮的食物更容易消化并且能产生更多的热量。烹饪或许促进了人脑的形成，并将人类从整日进食的境况中解放出来。
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