英语国家概况英国的历史起源(2)
英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵)
IV.Viking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especiallybetween 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianityin 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to theSaxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的__中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2.King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王(849-899)和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement withthem in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He alsoconverted some leading Danes into Christians.
He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy".
He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.
He ③translated a Latin book into English.
He also ④established schools and
⑤formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部(丹麦法区)，而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为__徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”(撒克逊军队)，使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。
英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(诺曼征服)
V.The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服
1.Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.
威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan choseHarold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during theimportant battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day,William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服。
2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps
①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror
②confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weakSaxon rule with
③a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
④Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce wereextended.
⑤Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.
⑥The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts wereseparated from the civil courts.
1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼—法兰西文化、语言、行为规范和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分离。
3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many Englishpeople were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-Frenchorigin.
英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。
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