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课外阅读1
Hundreds of foreign students in a joint degree program at a North Dakota state university wereadmitted despite lacking credentials and awarded degrees without completing coursework, anaudit of the program has showed.
近日，一项对美国北达科他州狄克森州立大学的审计报告发现，该校一项联合学位计划录取了数百名不具备入学资格的外国学生，并且在学生没有完成课程的情况下授予学位。
According to a review of the procedures in place for certain international programs at DickinsonState University, just 10 of the 410 foreign students awarded joint degrees since 2003 actuallyfulfilled all required course work.
根据这项针对狄克森州立大学特定国际招生项目的审计报告，自2003年开始，这所大学410名被授予学位的外国学生中，只有10个人真正完成了所有必需的课程。
The majority of the degrees in question were granted to Chinese students, the remainder toRussian students, according to the report.
这一审计报告指出，大多数“问题学位”被授予了中国学生，其余的则被授予了俄罗斯学生。
Most of the students' files were also missing general administrative paper work includingenrollment transcripts, partner campus documents, course substitution forms and languageproficiency evaluations, the report said.
审计报告中还披露，大部分学生档案缺乏普通的行政性文件，包括入学成绩单、对口学校的文件、替代课程的相关表格、语言能力评估等等。
The audit finding, released Friday, is the second black mark on the US higher education systemin as many weeks. Just two weeks ago, Claremont McKenna College in California disclosed it hadinflated the standardized test scores of incoming freshman in a bid to boost its reputation.
上周五公布的这份审计报告是近期以来美国高等教育中的第二起丑闻事件。就在两周前，加州克莱蒙特-麦肯纳学院曾曝出类似丑闻，该校为了扩大声誉，提高了新生的标准化考试成绩。
The audit conducted by the North Dakota State University System and the State Board ofHigher Education showed "seriously lacking controls and oversight" of these international degreeprograms.
由美国北达科他州立大学系统和北达科他州高等教育委员会进行的审计指出，这些国际学位项目“极度缺乏控制和监管”。
"Several process level controls have been waived or controls that were once in place have beenintentionally overridden or ignored, threatening the overall compliance of the program," the report said.
报告称：“许多监管程序被弃之不顾，诸多控制措施被人为拒绝或忽略，威胁到了项目的整体承诺。”
According to the audit results, the school did not verify students were completing generaleducation classes and degrees were awarded with out sufficient credits completed.
根据审计报告，学校并未核实学生完成通识教育课程，没有完成学分的学生也被授予了学位。
Of the 816 students enrolled in the special international programs since 2003, the review found 743 files in question, the results showed.
据查，2003年起，共有816名学生参与了该校的国际课程，然而经调查后发现，其中743名学生的档案文件存在问题。
Stopping the programs, reworking policies and procedures, accepting only official-sealedtranscripts and reviewing agreements with foreign student recruiters were among therecommendations presented to Dickinson State.
提交给该大学的建议包括：暂停国际合作项目、修订政策和程序、只接受官方认可的成绩单、重审与留学生招生人员的协议等等。
课外阅读2
In the past few years, reformers have embraced a disarmingly simple idea for fixing schools: Why not actually flunk those students who don't earn passing grades? Both Democrats andRepublicans have begun attacking the practice of "social promotion"—shuttling bad studentsto the next grade, advancing them with peers even if they are failing. Make F truly meanfailure, the movement says.
过去几年，改革派一直坚持用一种令人毫无怀疑的简单想法解决学校的问题：对于那些成绩不达标的学生，为什么不让他们留级?民主党和共和党已经开始抨击“自动升级”的做法—-按照这种做法，就算差生考试不及格，他们照样可以和其他同学一起进入下一年级。这场运动主张要让“F”这个成绩真的意味着“不及格”。
Last week in Los Angeles, the reformers learned just how ornery the current system can be. According to a plan released Tuesday by the L.A. school district, ending social promotionthere will take at least four years, could cost hundreds of millions of dollars—and probably wouldrequire flunking about half the district's students. That's a pessimistic assessment, but it'snot just bureaucrats' caterwauling. Rather, L.A. school superintendent Ruben Zacarias was aneager convert to the crusade against social promotion. In February he unveiled anambitious plan to end unwarranted promotions in five grades during the 1999-2000 schoolyear—a full year ahead of the timetable set by a state law.
过去几年，改革派一直坚持用一种令人毫无怀疑的简单想法解决学校的问题：对于那些成绩不达标的学生，为什么不让他们留级?民主党和共和党已经开始抨击“自动升级”的做法—-按照这种做法，就算差生考试不及格，他们照样可以和其他同学一起进入下一年级。这场运动主张要让“F”这个成绩真的意味着“不及格”。
At the time, Zacarias acknowledged that his goal would be hard to meet. He estimated that asmany as 6 of every 10 students would flunk if they had to advance on merit. Zacarias wanted tospend 0 million in the first year alone to help these kids. Why so much? Because a mountainof research shows that ending social promotion doesn't work if it just means more Fs. Kidswho are simply forced to repeat grades over and over usually don't improve academically andoften drop out. Zacarias wanted more tutoring, summer school and intensive-learning classes. Unqualified students wouldn't rise to the next grade; nor would they be doomed to redo workthey already failed. It was a forward-looking plan that Zacarias, 70, didn't have the clout toenact. He wasn't popular enough—the school board recently bought out his contract after abitter power struggle—but even fellow reformers think his plan was too much, too soon. Saysboard member David Tokofsky: "You've got the unions who want their say. And, of course, there's the facilities issue: Where do you send all these eighth-graders if you can't send themto high school?" The district now says it will stop advancing low-achieving students only in twogrades (second and eighth), and it will begin next year.
扎卡雷斯承认他的目标在当时很难实现。他估计如果按照成绩升级的话，十个学生中将有六个过不了关。仅第一年扎卡雷斯就打算花费1.4亿美元来帮助这些孩子。为什么要花这么多钱呢?因为众多研究表明如果取消“自动升级”仅仅意味着有更多学生无法升级的话，那么它就失去了意义。那些被迫一遍又一遍地复读的孩子成绩并没有提高，甚至还经常会退学。扎卡雷斯希望学生们能得到更多的指导，开设更多的夏季班和强化学习班。不合格的学生不会进入下一年级，但也不必把功课重学一遍。他提出的这一计划很有远见，但70高龄的扎卡雷斯本人并没有足够的影响力将其付诸实施—-他还不够受欢迎—-在一场激烈的权力斗争之后，该校董事会最近买断了他的合同—-但就连其他改革派也认为他的计划太宏大，太迫切。另一位董事会成员大卫·托科夫斯基说：“工会想要有发言权。当然，还有设施的问题：如果不能把八年级学生送入中学，那该把他们送往哪里呢?”现在，该教育区宣布它将只在两个年级(二年级和八年级)对成绩较差的学生取消升级，并将从明年起实施。
Los Angeles isn't the only place that has run into roadblocks while trying to end socialpromotion. In New York City, some advocates have said in lawsuits that parents weren'tnotified early enough that their kids were flunking. And in Chicago, which led the nation on theissue, a parents' group has filed civil rights complaints alleging that the promotion crackdownholds back a disproportionate number of black and Latino kids.
洛杉矶并不是唯一一个在取消“自动升级”工作中遇到困难的地方。在纽约市，一些辩护律师在诉讼中称家长没有及时被告知他们的孩子会留级。在芝加哥，一个家长团体提出了民权控诉，宣称取消自动升级使相当比例的黑人和拉丁美洲裔的孩子升不了级。
Still, the war on social promotion could have one salutary consequence: if every schooldistrict takes L.A.'s approach, struggling students will get a lot more teaching help, not just akick in the rear as they finish another unproductive school year.
然而，这场关于“自动升级”的战争还是会带来一个有益的结果：如果每个教育区采用洛杉矶的做法，那些学习吃力的学生就会得到学习帮助，而不仅仅是在学完一年毫无收获之外再被踢上一脚。
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