中考英语语法考点:句子结构
英语句子归纳起来有五种基本结构,如果将“there be”结构单列一种的话,英语的所有句子都是由这六种结构组成。下面就是小编给大家带来的中考英语语法考点:句子结构,希望能帮助到大家!
句子结构
一。 “主+系+表”:这一结构中的系动词除了最常见的be动词外,还可用有些表示状态、感观和变化的动词,如:seem, appear, keep, stay, feel, sound, look ,taste, get, become, turn, grow, come等,注意这些词在意义和句法功能上与用作实义动词时的区别。试比较:
When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and warmer.(get为系动词)
When Tom got to the airport, the plane had already left.(get为实义动词,不及物)
用形容词充当表语,来说明主语的状态或性质时,也可用“of+相应的名词”代替。例如:
This Chinese-English dictionary is very useful.
This Chinese-English dictionary is of great use.
二。 “主+谓(不及物)”:从英语的句法来看,每个句子都必须具备主谓两部分,有时在句中找不到主语或谓语,那是特殊句式或临时的省略,而不是不存在。如:
Go away!(You go away.)
What beautiful flowers!(What beautiful flowers they are!)
不及物动词常可跟副词作状语,这时要注意与名词作宾语区分。试比较:
The book sells well.(副词作状语)
He sold the book.(名词作宾语)
三。 “主+谓(及物)+宾”:在这一结构中,及物动词自身意义不完整,因此后面必须跟宾语使句意完整。如果谓语是“动词+副词”型短语,当宾语是代词时,只能将宾语置于动词和副词之间;若宾语是名词,则宾语既可放在副词前,也可放在副词后。如:
Write down the words in your exercise books, please.
Write them down in your exercise books, please.
注意:
1. 具有“夺取”意义的动词。
在汉语中被夺取的目标是“物”,而英语则要说“人”,作宾语时要在被夺取物品之前加介词of,构成一个介词短语,放到“人”的后面。如:
Someone robbed her of her money.
2. 具有“供给”意义的动词。
在英语中,不能直接把所供给的物体作为宾语,必须以介词with为媒介,才能引出物来,同时只有得到供给的人才能作宾语。如:
The provided us with food.
3. 具有“打、抓”意义的动词。
不直接把人身上某一部位作为宾语,一般用:“动词+人+介词+the+动作承受的部位”结构。如:
He held me by the hand.
四。 “主+谓(及物)+双宾(直接+间接)”:有些及物动词需要两个宾语,间接宾语通常指人,直接宾语通常指物。直接宾语放在间接宾语后面。如:
To do that will save me a lot of troubles.
如果把间接宾语放在后面,间接宾语前要加介词to或for;表示授予东西、告知事情时,用介词to;表示施行恩惠时,介词用for.如:
Give me a piece of paper. =Give a piece of paper to me.
Father bought Tom a new computer. =Father bought a new computer for Tom.
直接宾语是代词时,通常不用间接宾语在前的结构。如:一般用“Give it to me.”结构,而不用“Give me it.”。
五。 “主+谓(及物)+宾+宾补”:在这种结构中,由于动词加上宾语后仍不能表达完整的意思,所以又加上了补语,使句子意思完整。如:
He made his parents happy.
宾语部分如果是一个从句、不定式或动名词时,通常要用it作形式宾语,而把从句、不定式或动名词放到句子后面。如:
I found it very difficult to put in practice.
动词不定式作宾补,在动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, look at, feel, let, have(使)和make(使)后要省去不定式符号to.如:
I often heard him sing in the next room.
但变为被动语态时,不定式符号to要加上。如:
He was made to work over twelve hours a day.
六。 there be结构:这一结构表示在“某处或某时存在某人或某物”,there是引导词,本身无意义,be为谓语动词,有时也用live, stand, lie, come等动词。动词后面的名词为主语,谓语动词的数要与靠近的名词一致。如:
There is a teacher“s desk and some chairs in the classroom.
Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.