2016高考化学方程式
2016高考化学方程式
熟记一些重要的化学方程式，对你的化学考试是有帮助的。下面是学习啦小编收集整理的2016高考化学方程式以供大家学习。
2016高考化学方程式：非金属单质
1、氧化性：
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸)
F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)
nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属)
2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)
2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI=2NaF+I2
7F2(过量)+I2=2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)=2ClF (ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO )
3F2(过量)+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 )
Cl2+H2=2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)
3Cl2+2P=2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3=PCl5 Cl2+2Na=2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu=CuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3++2Cl- )
Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br-=2Cl-+Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I-=2Cl- +I2
3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO3
3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+
Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓ )
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
2O2+3Fe=Fe3O4 O2+K=KO2
S+H2=H2S 2S+C=CS2 S+Zn=ZnS
S+Fe=FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)
S+2Cu=Cu2S (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)
3S+2Al=Al2S3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)
N2+3H2=2NH3 N2+3Mg=Mg3N2 N2+3Ca=Ca3N2
N2+3Ba=Ba3N2 N2+6Na=2Na3N N2+6K=2K3N
N2+6Rb=2Rb3N N2+2Al=2AlN
P4+6H2=4PH3 P+3Na=Na3P 2P+3Zn=Zn3P2
H2+2Li=2LiH
2、还原性
S+O2=SO2
S+H2SO4(浓)=3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O2=2NO
4P+5O2=P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2P+3X2=2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)
PX3+X2=PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
C+2F2=CF4
C+2Cl2=CCl4
C+O2(足量)=CO2
2C+O2(少量)=2CO
C+CO2=2CO
C+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2=Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl2=SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2=SiO2
Si+C=SiC(金刚砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH- +H2O= +2H2↑)
3、歧化反应
Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2O= H++Cl–+HClO)
Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
3Cl2+6KOH(浓)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH–=5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)
3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH–=2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO=CaC2+CO↑
3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO↑
2016高考化学方程式：金属单质(Na，Mg，Al，Fe，Cu)的还原性
2Na+H2=2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2=2Na2O2
2Na+O2=Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH-+H2↑
2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2-+H2↑
4Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2=MgCl2 Mg+Br2=MgBr2
2Mg+O2=2MgO Mg+S=MgS
2Cu+S=Cu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备)
Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S=MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl3
4Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)
2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al，Fe在冷，浓的H2SO4，HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑
2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2=Fe3O4 2Fe+O2=2FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+I2=FeI2
Fe+S=FeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)
3Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下，不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
2016高考化学方程式：非金属氢化物
1、还原性：
4HCl(浓)+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+MnO2=Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(浓)+PbO2=PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+PbO2=Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O
6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O
14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O
2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2
2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)=2S↓+2H2O
2H2S+SO2=3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S↓+SO2↑+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O
5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O
3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+=2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH
2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl
NH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O
NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O