托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解答
托福阅读考试中,什么是修辞目的题? 本质上讲:就是对托福阅读文章中作者意图的提问。但在托福考试中实质是如何的,小编今天将为同学们带来托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解的内容,希望能够帮助到大家!
托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解
从托福考试出题的形式上讲:
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
做这类托福题目时有些同学往往会出现黑人问号,我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其实,这类题目和托福其他题目一样,都是有套路的。至少,托福阅读里的修辞目的题是不会要求考生们对锅里的鱼眼里“诡异的光”进行理解的。
言归正传,那么做这类题目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我们要知道托福文章结构有一个规律,就是claim(观点)+detail(s),换句话说就是给出一个观点,然后用一个或者若干个细节或者例子来支撑前面的观点。
不论是从托福文章整体架构,段落结构,还是更微观的行文结构来看,一般来说这个规律都成立。而修辞目的题实质上就是出题人把一个detail拎出来问你,作者为什么要提到这个detail。到这里,问题的关键就变成了找到这个detail对应的claim究竟在哪里。
最简单的模型就是,claim后面就一个detail支撑,这种情况下,自然detail前面紧挨着的那句话就是作者的观点,即提到这个detail的目的是为了说明前面的这个观点。
然而有时候,作者会用不止一个detail来支撑最前面的claim,模型视图如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
这种时候,如果出题人把detail 3拎出来问你它的目的,显然答案就不是为了支持紧挨着它的前面那句话了,而应该是遥相支持前面的前面的前面的那个claim。
根据以上原理,我们总结出了一个做题步骤,帮助大家高效地找到这个claim。
简言之,
1. 找出托福阅读题目中的关键词
2. 用关键词定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的顺序找到claim
4. 根据原文claim找到对应选项
可以看出,步骤1和2是在文章中找到题目里提到的detail的位置,当然,如果文中已经给你highligh出来了的话这两个步骤就省掉了
而步骤3才是在找claim
下面,我们来进行一个实操应用:
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明显,这道题需要我们自己去找到detail的位置,所以我们要从第1个步骤开始做起:找出题目中的关键词
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毁的例子)
第2步,我们要拿着关键词到段落里面去找detail对应的原句,即哪里有提到生物被摧毁的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我们看下来后会发现有且仅有红色部分是一些摧毁生物的具体例子,清道夫、细菌、化学侵蚀等等,至此我们完成了第2步,定位出了detail对应的原句。
第3步,到这句话的前面找它对应的claim,这道题里,它前面只有一句话,那让我们来验证一下这是不是这个detail所支撑的观点呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(当一个人知道生物死后会被如此多的方式所完全分解毁灭,那他就会感叹世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思议)
看起来逻辑上可以成为生物被摧毁的例子所支撑的对象吧
那我们现在来做第4步,根据找出来的claim去选出最接近的选项
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
选项1是不是就是我们找出来的claim的同义复述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all,只要把握好题型背后的原理,妈妈再也不用担心你做不好修辞目的题了!
注意!托福阅读考试的两大陷阱!
陷阱一:细节题考查精确定位
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以正确答案是C。综上所述,做新托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
陷阱二:无方向中隐藏方向。
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的,这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊,考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水,费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子:
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落,而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容,因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息,但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少,从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位,B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas,C项选1 percent, D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外,其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位,A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话,意思明显矛盾;B项不好找,可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到,这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 ——无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确,但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力,且答案也是正确的。在考试中,这种情况往往会影响考生的心情,进而影响水平的发挥,但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。
托福阅读怎么提高?
一、概括地观察
在练习时我们会读一些文章或者段子,首先我们可以进行略读。对于文章的首段或者每段的内容进行概括,我们就可以知道这些文章都讲了些什么,而不是去通读,逐字去读,逐词去读,这样不浪费时间,而且对于自己的阅读能力的提升也是微乎其微的。
二、学会来引导阅读
当你在读托福阅读文章的时候,可以为文章的标题、副题、图片及首句设定问题,可以把它们写在各自己的位置,这样你在看问题的时候,就可以帮助你更清晰的了解文章的内容了。
三、学会做标记
如果在托福阅读的时候,我们如果遇到了所答问题关键词或者短语,我们要将它标记下来,并且要将它们积累起来。因为如果这里考到了,说明之后 也可能会考到,这些关键记号和短语就是我们平时练习时需要的积累的知识,不但在之后做阅读题或许会用得到,在托福考试的其它学科可能也是会用得到的。
四、要学会提问题
在阅读的时候,考生要学会提问题,在阅读完一个段落之后,可以在每段的句首位置写出一个问题,当你看到这个问题的就会想到这个段落讲的是什么意思。这样不让自己的对段落有了清楚的认识,还能做到很的归纳总结的作用。
五、学会举一反三
在托福阅读的整个学习过程中,考生要学会类推,也就是在你完全掌握了文章内容之后,对于文章中出现的一些问题,我们可以把它联系到日常的生活当中,如果在生活当中我们会怎么样,利用这样的联带的关系,考生可以更加的对阅读文章时行融汇贯通,大在的提高自己的阅读兴趣和能力。这也是托福阅读提高的一个很好的途径。更多托福考试干货敬请关注新东方在线托福考试。
托福阅读提速方法介绍
方法一:快速泛读(fastextensivereading)
这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章,要求读得快,理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额,定额要结合自己的实际,可多可少,例如每天读20页。
方法二:计时阅读(timedreading)
计时阅读每次进行5~10分钟即可,不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读,精力高度集中,时间一长,容易疲劳,精力分散反而乏味。
方法三:寻读(Scanning)
寻读又称查读,同略读一样,寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。
寻读与略读不同,略读时,读者事先对材料一无所知,而寻读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。具体地说,寻读带有明确的目的性,有针对性地选择问题的答案。
方法四:略读(skimming)
略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing),是一种专门的,非常实用的快速阅读技能。
(1)、略读有下列几个特点:
A.以极快的速度阅读文章,寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。
B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。
C.理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。
(2)、略读可以运用下列技巧:
A.要利用印刷细节(typo鄄graphicaldetails),如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等,对文章进行预测略读(previewskim鄄ming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有关的细节及其相互关系。
B.以一般阅读速度(200~250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情况,作者的文章风格,口吻或语气等。
C.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去细节不读,以求得略读速度。
D.注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however,moreover,inaddition等;序列词如firstly,secondly等。
托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解相关文章:
托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解答
上一篇:托福阅读一篇做多久最好
下一篇:解析托福阅读修辞目的题题型