托福阅读讲解技巧之插入句子题5大步骤
托福阅读考试有哪些题型?每一种题型应该如何解答呢?这些可能都是大家在托福备考的过程当中需要掌握的，今天这里小编就为大家带来了托福阅读插入题的解题方法，希望对大家托福提分有帮助。
托福阅读讲解技巧之插入句子题5大步骤
插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。
掌握衔接词是解答插入句子题的关键
掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。
我们来具体来一个例子：
1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.
Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.
These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.
Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.
A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4
具体的解题步骤：
1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构，其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。
2. 寻找衔接词：这个句子的衔接词为：These tales
3. 分析这个句子和上下文的关系：位置1 不可能，因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子，即，提出论点，而我们要插入的句子为一个小点，属于论据。然后看位置2，这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。显然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。所以最后只能是位置4了。
4. 把这个句带入各个位置。
5. 检查每个位置，位置4是最恰当的。
总之，把握这五大步骤是我们解决插入句子题的一个便利小窍门，具体的应用方法因人而议。理解需要插入句子的结构，找出衔接词是解题关键。同时要注意整个段落的结构以及上下文逻辑关系。
托福阅读真题及答案：输送血液
【Introduction】
输送血液可以称为生命的礼物。然而，从每年5百万输血病人的大部分情况来看，实际上，输血弊大于利。
【Section One】Article
Why Banked Blood Goes Bad
It‘s a problem that doctors have been wrestling with for several years, as study after study shows a disturbing spike in heart disease and death in patients receiving transfusions. The trend affects almost every group of critically ill patients — from trauma sufferers in the ER to heart attack victims, patients with anemia and those undergoing chemotherapy. This increase in death and heart disease, doctors say, is unrelated to infectious blood-borne diseases or allergic reactions that often follow transfusions. "After you control for sickness and all sorts of things, patients who receive transfusions still have more heart attacks. It makes no sense," says Dr. Jonathan Stamler, a professor of medicine at Duke University Medical Center.
Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions — those with low blood counts — should benefit immediately from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood cells. Yet many get sicker. Puzzled by the paradox, Stamler and his colleagues decided to look more closely at banked blood — to figure out whether it underwent certain changes that turned it from life-saving in the donor to potentially deadly in the bag.
Their finding, reported this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: nitric oxide (NO). A workhorse of the blood, the gas helps red blood cells ferry oxygen to tissues and props open tiny vessels to allow freer blood flow. It turns out that within hours of leaving the body, levels of nitric oxide in the blood begin to drop, until, by the time donated blood expires after 42 days, the gas is almost nonexistent. "The reality is that we are giving blood that cannot deliver oxygen properly," says Stamler, lead author of the study. "Many patients who are getting blood are being put at increased risk."
Previous trials have shown that heart disease patients, for example, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 25% chance of having a heart attack and an 8% chance of dying within 30 days; similar patients who do not get transfused have an 8% chance of a cardiac event and a 3% chance of death. Stamler hypothesizes that without NO, red blood cells cannot drill their way into tiny blood vessels; rather, they pile up in narrow passageways, blocking blood flow instead of increasing it and hampering the heart.
Blood transfusions alone may not be directly responsible for these health hazards, but data from other recent studies have been enough to convince physicians to change their so-called transfusion trigger. Doctors have traditionally waited until the patient‘s hematocrit — the proportion of the blood made up of red blood cells — drops below the normal range of 45% to 55% before transfusing. Now, doctors prefer to wait longer, until it falls below 30%. "There is still a lot of controversy about the trigger," says Dr. Lynne Uhl, a transfusion specialist at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, "but the growing data has reinforced the practice that it‘s okay to let the patient‘s hematocrit drop lower before transfusing."
Wouldn‘t it be more effective if banked blood could simply be improved? Stamler‘s study suggests it can: by replacing nitric oxide in stored blood, Stamler showed that the risk of heart attack and death from transfusion dropped dramatically, at least in mice. And there‘s reason to believe such replenishment could work in human patients as well; already, premature babies born with lung and respiratory problems are placed in NO-rich environments to ensure that their still developing tissues get the oxygen they need to grow properly. For now, the American Red Cross, which oversees 14 million units of banked blood, is waiting for additional study results before changing any of its processing and storage practices.
【Section Two】Vocabulary
1. transfusion
n. 注入, [医]输血, 输液
2. critically
adv. 批评地, 用钻研眼光地, 精密地, 危急地
3. infectious
adj. 有传染性的, 易传染的, 有感染力的
4. allergic
adj. [医]过敏的, 患过敏症的
5. paradox
n. 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话
6. controversy
n. 论争, 辩论, 论战
【Section Three】Homework
1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
"Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions — those with low blood counts — should benefit immediately from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood cells. Yet many get sicker."
2. What is the main idear of this Article?
3. The article mentioned "The heart disease patients, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 8% chance of having a heart attack and an 25% chance of dying within 30 days" Right? Why?
4. How to effectively improve the banked blood?
答案:
1. 按道理，从医学上来说，因血球少而需要输血的病人应该很快就从血里的携氧红血球获得益处。而实际上，很多病人病得更严重。
(翻译的不好,仅供参考)
2. No standard answer.
3. False. The correct answer: "Previous trials have shown that heart disease patients, for example, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 25% chance of having a heart attack and an 8% chance of dying within 30 days".
4. By replacing nitric oxide in stored blood.
托福阅读真题及答案：癌症
【 Introduction】
在不久的将来,癌症病人可能会根据他们基因而接受不同的治疗在刚结束的巴塞罗那癌症大会上,各国的科学家和医生都发表了关于治疗癌症最新成果.想了解关于癌症最新信息,就来阅读这篇科技报道吧
【 Fast Reading 】
Genes Key to Future Cancer Cures
(BARCELONA, Spain) — The treatment that more cancer patients receive may one day depend on their genes.
With an increasing number of biological clues available, doctors hope they will be able to customize more patients’ treatments based on their genetic profiles .
In research presented at a meeting of the European Cancer Organization in Barcelona, experts said this week that these clues will help doctors determine not only which patients will probably develop cancer, but even those who will relapse , or be suitable for specific treatments.
"We are going to witness a revolution in cancer treatment," said Dr. Martine Piccart, head of medicine at the Institut Jules Bordet in Belgium. "In a few years, we will be able to fully demonstrate how powerful these new technologies are."
The real test, however, will be if doctors can then figure out what to do next.
"It’s never encouraging to say to a patient that she’s going to do poorly because of her genes," Piccart said. "We need to be able to offer patients an effective treatment."
Piccart and colleagues have been working to confirm the genetic sequences for women susceptible to breast cancer.
Tailoring treatment based on patients’ genes is being used now on a limited basis. Doctors have been deciding how to treat women with breast cancer depending on their tumor type for the last few years. A simple genetic test can identify breast cancer patients who will actually benefit from chemotherapy, making the toxic side effects worthwhile.
But learning more about breast cancer has also given experts new tools to fight other cancers.
A study presented at the Barcelona meeting Tuesday found an unexpected twist : patients with a certain overactive breast cancer gene were also less likely to respond to chemotherapy for lung cancer.
"We know quite a bit about breast cancer genes, and now we’re looking into the black box of what role they might play in other cancers," said Dr. Gordon McVie, a cancer expert at the European Institute of Oncology.
The problem, McVie said, is that even though researchers may understand a little about what a thousand of the genes involved in cancer do, there are about 31,000 others that they don’t.
Other studies presented in Barcelona on Tuesday identified genes that could triple awoman’s risk of ovarian cancer, as well as molecular profiling to predict which colon cancer patients would benefit from chemotherapy.
Cancer is an incredibly complicated disease, and is influenced by other variables like diet and environmental exposure. Even if researchers can identify the genetic components responsible, many factors remain beyond doctors’ control.
"We haven’t had any big genetic hits ," McVie said, explaining that while scientists have identified genes that predispose people to cancers including breast, bowel , ovarian and colon, those make up only a small amount of all cancers.
"Cracking the genetic code is still a very imprecise science," he said.
Also, on Monday, German researchers said they had developed a test to identify cancer cells circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients. That could potentially enable doctors to catch cancer cells en route to another location — and give them time to intervene to prevent a tumor.
Dr. Julia Juckstock and colleagues at the University of Munich analyzed blood samples from 1,767 women with breast cancer before treatment and compared them to samples taken after about half of them had completed chemotherapy. Preliminary results found evidence of tumor cells in transport in less than 10 percent of the treated patients.
"This is a fascinating development," said Dr. John Smyth, a professor of medical oncology at the University of Edinburgh, who was unconnected to the Munich study.
Instead of a blanket approach to treatment, Smyth said that the test could help doctors pinpoint those women in whom breast cancer was likely to spread and needed extra care.
【 Vocabulary 】
relapse ~ (into sth) to go back into a previous condition or into a worse state after making an improvement: They relapsed into silence.
susceptible ~ (to sb/sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth
twist an unexpected change or development in a story or situation
triple to become, or to make sth, three times as much or as many
ovarian [ 植 ] 子房的 , [ 解 ] 卵巢的
colon (anatomy) the lower part of the large INTESTINE (= part of the bowels) 结肠
bowel one of a system of tubes below the stomach in which solid waste collects before it is passed out of the body 肠
variable noun a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied
hit noun If someone who is searching for information on the Internet gets a hit, they find a website where there is that information.
imprecise not accurate; not giving exact details or making sth clear
Preliminary ~ (to sth) happening before a more important action or event
blanket You use blanket to describe something when you want to emphasize that it affects or refers to every person or thing in a group, without any exceptions.
【 Homework 】
1. Please translate the sentence into Chinese.
A study presented at the Barcelona meeting Tuesday found an unexpected twist : patients with a certain overactive breast cancer gene were also less likely to respond to chemotherapy for lung cancer.
2. ”With an increasing number of biological clues available, doctors hope they will be able to customize more patients’ treatments based on their genetic profiles .”
What the best meaning of the profiles here?
A. the outline of a person’s face when you look from the side, not the front
B. a description of sb/sth that gives useful information
C. the general impression that sb/sth gives to the public and the amount of attention they receive
D. the edge or outline of sth that you see against a background
3. How many kinds of cancers are mentioned in this article?
4. Which statement is ture?
A. "We are going to witness a revolution in cancer treatment," said Dr. McVie
B. German researchers said they had developed a test to identify cancer cells circulating in the blood of colon cancer patients.
C. Dr. John Smyth is a professor of medical oncology at the University of Edinburgh, who was unconnected to the Munich study.
D. Dr. Julia Juckstock and colleagues at the University of Tuft analyzed blood samples from 1,767 women with breast cancer before treatment and compared them to samples taken after about half of them had completed chemotherapy
参考答案:
1. 周二的巴塞罗纳大会上发表了一项研究.该研究查明了一个令人意想不到的现象:拥有特定过于活跃的乳癌基因的病人对于化疗的反应要低于肺癌(病人)的.
(twist: an unexpected change or development in a story or situation)
(翻译的不好,仅供参考)
2.B
3.four including breast, bowel, ovarian and colon
4.C
(A: Dr. McVie Dr. Martine Piccart
B: colon cancerbreast cancer
D:the University of Tuft-the University of Munich
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