TPO1托福阅读原文翻译+解析
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托福阅读原文
Groundwater is the word Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
托福阅读试题
1.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
A.It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
B.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
C.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
D.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
2.The word “incredible” in the passage (paragraph 1) 1is closest in meaning to
A.confusing
B.comforting
C.unbelievable
D.interesting
3.The word “out of sight” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.far away
B.hidden
C.partly visible
D.discovered
4.According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
A.Inside pieces of sand and gravel
B.On top of beds of rock
C.In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
D.In spaces between pieces of sediment
5.The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage (paragragh 2) refers to
A.fast rivers
B.glaciers
C.the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting
D.the particles carried in water from melting glaciers
6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
A.A mountain valley
B.Flat land
C.A lake floor
D.The seafloor
7.The word “overlie” in the passage (paragragh 4)) is closest in meaning to
A. cover
B. change
C. separate
D. surround
8.The phrase “So much for” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closest in meaning to
A.that is enough about
B.now let us turn to
C.of greater concern are
D.this is related to
9.The word “plugged” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closet in meaning to washed
A.dragged
B.filled up
C.soaked through
10.According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
A.It is unusually solid.
B.It often has high porosity.
C.It has a low proportion of empty space.
D.It is highly permeable.
11.What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?
A.To explain why water can flow through rock
B.To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock
C.To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable
D.To distinguish between two related properties of rock
12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragragh 9)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock willdrain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. █ 【 A】But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. █ 【 B】It is held there by the force of surface tensionwithout which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving ittotally dry. █ 【 C】The total volume of water in the saturated sample musttherefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot,drain away. █ 【 D】
Where would thesentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.
A.Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.
B.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.
C.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.
D.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.
E.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
F.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.
托福阅读答案
1.以ground作为关键词定位至全段最后一句，说At first sight土地是不可能有那么大的空间去容纳这些水的，at first sight第一眼看上去的意思是这个不是事实，而且事实刚好与这个相反，也就是说土地是有空间的，所以C正确
2.incredible令人难以置信的，想到credit card信用卡，credit指的是信用或者学分ible或者able表示可以……的，credible可信的，incredible难以置信的，不知道的话看上题也知道是不可能
3.out of sight表面意思就是在视野之外，也就是看不见， C和D都说看见，所以错。而且far away离得很远也不一定就看不见，所以也不对。不知道的话说beneath the soil在土下面，当然也是看不见之意，所以B正确
4.问的是地下水在哪儿最经常在哪儿发现，找到第二句中的the commonest spaces are……最常见的地方是blablabla，这个blablabla就是我们要的答案。在那些颗粒之间的空隙里，所以首先正确的答案应该是space，答案D是正确的
5.glacial是冰川的，与冰川有关的，outwash是个合成词，表面意思就是冲出来的，不知道的读原文，原文说pebble, gravel and sand, known as glacial outwash，也就是说前面的三个都叫做glacial outwash，其中sand是一定知道的，不是水，所以AC错，更不是冰，B错，应该是包括沙子在内的一堆小颗粒
6.排除题，可在第一句找到flat land，在第二句的前半句Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea找到C和D，A虽然有说到，但不是沉积物沉积的地点，所以要选的答案是A
7.over表在……上，lie表躺，所以overlie的意思是躺在……上，也就是cover，原文说低地国家地上的任何一点都可能覆盖原来的河床，B改变C分开D围绕全都不对
8.so much for表面意思就是已经很多了，也就是足够的意思，代入原文，说unconsolidated未固结的沉积物已经说了很多了，下面就说说固结的沉积物了，所以A正确，B和C都说我们马上要讨论的是未固结的沉积物，所以说反了;D表示与……相关，完全不沾边，错
9.plug的意思是插入，填满。原文说原来颗粒之间的空隙没有被混凝土怎么样，而前一句说固结的沉积物之间有很多能够存水的空隙，既然是有空隙，就说明没被填满，所以答案是filled up，A洗B拖曳D浸透都不沾边
10.以crystalline rock和basalt为关键词定位至第六段的最后一句，原文说大部分crystalline rock是固化比较好的，但basalt是个例外，说basalt更加porous，孔隙率更高，所以B正确
11.问的是第七段的目的，看本段的第一句，解释了孔隙度的概念，后来又说孔隙度和渗透率的概念不同，后面又解释了什么是渗透率，其实就是说着两个率不同，答案当然是区分这两个东西，D正确
12.原文的结构是如果孔隙大，就怎么怎么样，如果孔隙小，就又是另外一个样;选项B说反，应该是孔隙大的话水会流走;C孔隙大的时候与表面张力无关，所以不是both;D选项在若干处都偷换了原文的概念，完全不对
13.待插入句说多少流走多少剩下是什么决定的，所以之前必须得说一部分流走了一部分剩下了，原文最后一句才说到这个，所以D是答案。貌似B选项之前也说了流走和剩下，但B之后有个it is held there，这个it指的是前文的留下来的水，所以与上文过渡紧密，不能插入句子。
14.Sediments选项对应第二段的尾句和第三段的首句，正确
water对应第二段的第二句和第五段的第二句，正确
the size选项对应第八段最后一句，正确
剩下的三个选项都太细节，不具有概括性，不选
托福阅读译文
地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。到现在为止，大气水是最丰富的地下水资源，是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。普通的大气水会从地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。在再次冒出地表之前，这些地下水有时会长时间留在地下。最初让人觉得难以置信的是，在我们脚下“坚实的”土地中竟然有足够的空间能储存这么些水。
然而，地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。松散的砂子和砾石间有许多颗粒，如沙粒和小石子，它们之间的孔隙是最常见的储存地下水的空间。由这些颗粒组成的水床非常普遍，通常位于看不见的土壤下方，在携带粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流过的地方都能找到它们的踪迹。比如，冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量水从那儿流出。水里总会携带些石子、砾石和沙石，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀，这就是所谓冰河期的冰水沉积。
现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带沙石的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀;水流通常呈扇形扩散，它们所携带的沙石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。当河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，它们就会分布于内陆，通常厚达几千米。
低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。如果那些过去的河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下，一定会有大量的地下水浸在它们的沙子和砾石之间。
以上说的都是松散的沉积物，那些坚固的沉积物，也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解;结果这些砂岩最终变得和形成它的散沙一样多孔。
因此，不管沉积物是疏松还是坚固，它们中一定有空间。大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬，但也有例外，最常见的就是玄武岩，它是一种固化的火山熔岩，经常充满了微小气泡，从而变得十分多孔。
岩石的孔隙度就是指其中空间的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙度与渗透率是不同的。渗透率衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于与单个空隙以及连接孔隙间裂缝的大小。
当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适宜的干燥环境中时，大部分的水分会流失，但仍有部分水会继续附着在坚实的表面上。要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会立刻蒸发，仅留下完全干燥的样本。因此，试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的水。
这两种水的相对含量因岩石或沉积物种类不同而改变，即便它们有相同比例的孔隙，还取决于孔隙的大小。如果孔隙很大，其中的水会形成水滴，太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力，就会流走;但如果孔隙够小，水会像薄膜一样，太轻无法克服表面张力，从而稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。
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