GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子
想必大家在备考gre考试的时候，最喜欢的就是吸取新鲜的考试真题，这样对自己的能力也是一个考验，最能检验自己目前的能力在什么水平，今天小编为大家带来的就是GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子!
GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子
雄性动物养孩子
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or
facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility, whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
1. The author of the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to
A. present an instance of an untenable assumption
B. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim
C. provide evidence that challenges a belief
D. highlight a corollary of a widespread view
E. offer data that help resolve a debate
2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is
A. incontestable
B. immutable
C. uncommon
D. immaterial
E. uncertain
3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view
A. results in a contradiction
B. depends on problematic data
C. appears less definite given certain facts
D. conflates two distinct phenomena
E. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena
4. Which of the following statements, if true, would pose the greatest challenge to “the alternative possibility”?
A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.
B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.
C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.
D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.
E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.
答案：CECA
GRE阅读容易被你所忽视的三类词汇
perspective 透视画法;观点，方法;前景，远景
prospect 前景，景色;前途;勘探，寻找
appreciate 理解，认识，意识到;欣赏;感激
elaborate v.&adj. 精心制作，详细描述;精心制作的
address v.从事，忙于;n. 演讲
appropriate v. 拨给(资金)， 盗用/ adj.合适的
strain n. 血统，品系，菌株;紧张，张力;v.扭伤，拉紧
article n. 物品，商品
intrigue v.&n 激发兴趣;密谋;阴谋
intriguing adj. 激发兴趣的
assume v. 承担，担任;假装;假设
bark n. 树皮;犬吠
bill n.议案，法案;鸟嘴;账单
champion vt. 支持，拥护;n.冠军
aging n.老化，陈酿
complex n. 综合体 adj.复杂的
concern n. 公司(垄断组织“康采恩”就是它的音译)
attribute v.&n 归因于;特征，属性
default n.&v. 不履行;违约;拖欠;默认(值)
drill vt. 钻(孔);训练，操练
exploit v. 开发，利用n. 功绩
fair n. 集市，交易会;adj.公平的，美丽的 adv.公平地，直接地
fairly adv. 相当地，公平地
game n. 猎物，野味
fashion vt. 形成，塑造 n.时尚，方式
inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的
alternate v.&adj. 交替，轮流; 交替的
alternating adj.交互的，交替的
alternative n.&adj. 可供选择的方案(option);选择性的(optional)
GRE阅读 如何把握作者写作态度 有利于解题
1.社会现象.作者反对将社会现象拔高到阶级、政治、意识形态或超人性的高度，反对各种左派思想、革命主张和马克思主义。
2.文学评论作者一贯反对从政治或意识形态角度去解释文学现象或评价相应观点，作者赞同从纯文学标准进行解释或评价。
3.对于新材料、新发现、新发明。作者的态度以支持的正评价为主，有时会提到缺陷，但不影响主态度。
4.生命科学，作者一贯反对Darwin及其进化论，包括趋同进化观点。
5.对如下题材作者与我们持有相同的倾向。
温室效应(二氧化碳数量)。
臭氧层问题。
供水问题(淡水资源缺乏)、城市污染、沙漠化侵袭——环境类问题。
6.关于弱势人群或其他
有妇女题材、黑人题材、黑人妇女题材、少数民族题材等。有三种态度作者一贯反对：
1.仇视。
2.认为上述问题不重要，不值得研究。
3.认为上述问题已经完全解决。
4.作者态度：关注并盼望有方案给出。
5.喜新厌旧.过去的、传统的、大家一致接受的，作者至少不会给正评价。
ETS如何考查GRE阅读文章内部的复杂逻辑
新GRE阅读文章内容复杂程度降低了，但是新GRE阅读变化在于逻辑复杂程度升高。考生们想要获得新GRE阅读理解的高分，则更加注重文章的内在联系。这反映了ETS对于影响研究生阶段学术成功的基本能力的更为深入的把握。
新GRE阅读的文字内容复杂程度有所降低，逻辑复杂程度持续增加。而ETS在多年的跟踪研究后也意识到，恰当准确把握文章内部的复杂逻辑的能力，同研究生阶段的成绩关系更大些。下面，我们以一篇样题为例看一下ETS是如何考查新GRE阅读文章内部的复杂逻辑：
Policymakers must confront the dilemma that fossil fuels continue to be an indispensable source of energy even though burning them produces atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide that increase the likelihood of potentially disastrous global climate change. Currently, technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere might double the cost of generating electricity. But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent. Research into better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide will undoubtedly lead to lowered costs.
1. The passage implies which of the following about the current cost of generating electricity?
It is higher than it would be if better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide were available.
It is somewhat less than the cost of electricity transmission and distribution.
It constitutes at most half of the delivered price of electricity.
It is dwelt on by policymakers to the exclusion of other costs associated with electricity delivery.
It is not fully recovered by the prices charged directly to electricity consumers.
对上文的逻辑进行提炼我们发现，得出这样一个逻辑推理链条：
环保技术(technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere)增加一倍发电成本(double the cost of generating electricity)。环保技术不改变传输成本(the cost of electricity transmission and distribution)。最终价格(delivered prices)增加不超过50%。
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