托福写作因果论证范文
在托福写作中，有一种方法是因果论证法，这种方法在很多写作题目上都是非常有用的，那么今天就为大家带来托福写作 因果论证范文，告诉大家怎样用因果论证法。
托福写作 因果论证范文
一、因果论证：
原因论证：解释分论点句成立的原因，可以是一个现象，或者具体的客观事实。
结果论证：解释分论点会带来哪些影响，可以是正面影响，也可以是负面影响。
e.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Living in a big city is better than living in a small town.
Thesis： 住大城市比住小镇上好
通常，分论点就是找中心论点的优点，那么中心论点是住在城里好，那分论点就是住在城里的具体好处。
分论点1：城市里有更多的就业机会。
原因论证：解释为什么城里会有更多的就业机会。因为城市的经济普遍比乡下发达，公司更多，可以提供的就业岗位也就更多。
结果论证：解释城市里有更多的就业机会为什么是个好事。可以是，更多的工作选择和更好的薪水，给家人更好的生活等。
分论点2：城里交通更方便
原因论证：解释为什么城里会有更多的就业机会。因为城市的经济普遍比乡下发达，公司更多，可以提供的就业岗位也就更多。
结果论证：解释城市里有更多的就业机会为什么是个好事。可以是，更多的工作选择和更好的薪水，给家人更好的生活等。
分论点3：城里学校更好
原因论证：解释为什么城里会有更多的就业机会。因为城市的经济普遍比乡下发达，公司更多，可以提供的就业岗位也就更多。
结果论证：解释城市里有更多的就业机会为什么是个好事。可以是，更多的工作选择和更好的薪水，给家人更好的生活等。
常用连接词：老师们在这里需要向学生们讲解清楚不同词性的连接词的不同用法，不然学生还是会混淆。
连词：…because/since/as… ,
介词： Due to/ owing to/ because of /thanks to…
副词：Consequently, As a consequence, thus , hence .............., therefore, as a result, interestingly， fortunately, unfortunately, surprisingly, unsurprisingly.
动词词组：lead to ...result in ...give rise to ...contribute to ... so that..............目的状语连接词
句式： The reason why … is that …
… be related/linked to …
… be associated/connected with …
… contribute to/ give rise to …
题目1：生态问题正在被恶化,因此,我们必须采取措施解决环境问题.
范文1：The ecological problems are being aggravated; therefore, it is imperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the environment.
题目2：政府应该提高公众的环保意识,以此来促进可持续发展并且创造一个更适合人类生存的环境.
范文2：The government should raise the public awareness of environmental preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.
题目3：Many people use distance-learning programs (study material post, TV, Internet, etc) to study at home, but some think that it cannot bring as benefits as attending college or university.
To what extent to you agree or disagree with this opinion?
解析：属于半支持半反对类型：
主体段一：提出反对理由 写distance learning 的好处(Benefits)
主体段二：提出支持理由 写 distance learning 的坏处之一(Problem1)
主体段三：提出支持理由 写 distance learning 的坏处之二(Problem2)
范文3：(主体段二)
【主题句】Despite the convenience and relatively low cost of distance learning, it would be wise for us to consider it downside.【支持1】One of the biggest problems is that it cannot create an environment that is conducive to the students’ learning process, especially the much-needed interaction with their professors and classmates.【支持2】This may result in a terrible sense of disconnection and even social isolation among the learners.【支持3】In comparison, attending college or university is a more pleasant and exciting experience for young students as they can combine academic learning with a wide variety of social and extracurricular activities.
尽管远程学习方便且成本较低，但明智的选择还是对我们来说是不利的。【支持1】最大的问题之一是它不能创造出一个有利于学生学习过程的环境，尤其是对学生而言。 【支持2】这可能会导致学习者之间的分离感和社会隔离感极强。【支持3】相比，上大学对大学来说是一种更愉快和令人兴奋的体验 青年学生，因为他们可以将学术学习与各种各样的社交和课外活动相结合。
备注：本段写作模式为“1+3”，即一个主题句+三个支持句。【主题句】以despite为引导的让步状语从句开始，总结主体段一中分析的好处，可视为“转折法”;【支持1】为“递进法”;【支持2】为“指代法”+“因果法”;【支持3】采用了“对比法”。
托福写作解析:因果论证句怎么写
写作中最主要的三种句型：因果论证句、比较对比句和假设条件句。下面就来看一下因果论证句具体该怎么写!
因果论证句
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
There's no need for the government to help those who can help themselves.
One of the major reasons why some individuals are reluctant to seek help from the government is that people have formed the impression that the officials are too busy to care about their private matters.
why后面是结果，一个完整的句子.
People will reduce car use in 20 years.
One of the reasons why the use of private cars can and will be reduced in 20 years time is that diversified measures a being taken by the government to limit the use of cars.
Today's parents do not understand their children as well as parents did 50 years ago.
The complexity and diversity in the modern world may be a major contributor to generation gaps.
托福独立写作“无话可说”怎么办
当我们开始准备托福独立写作的时候，很多考生会面临着一个问题，就是“无话可说”，特别是如果遇到一个自己不熟悉的题目，加之时间又紧，头脑就一片空白了，想到的也只是空泛的东西。在这种情况下，即使是中文也难以写好，更谈何用英语去表达呢。
对此办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。那么问题来了，具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象到底有哪些呢?考生们的内心是崩溃的，人生过于平淡，阅历太少，书到用时方恨少，那么考生们该如何来准备这些具体的例子呢?
我们就拿《北极星》教材为例，来给大家分析一下如何从平常的阅读中积累托福写作素材～
写作真题
2008.8.3/2007.6.9 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years’ time, people will lead a more leisurely life.
写作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1:工作压力比现在更大。
Sub point2:环境问题更为严重。
Sub point3:任何事物更新换代的速度更快，意味着20年之后我们需要不断的学习，更加努力的去适应时代的发展，不被时代所淘汰，所以不是更休闲了，而是更累了。
话题相关内容
第三版北极星4 Unit5 ----Longevity: Too Much of a Good Thing?
相关文章
A doubled lifespan
If scientists could create a pill that let you live twice as long while remaining free of infirmities, would you take it?
If one considers only the personal benefits that longer life would bring, the answer might seem like a no-brainer : People could spend more quality time with loved ones; watch future generations grow up; learn new languages; master new musical instruments; try different careers or travel the world.
……
The workplace
For most people, living longer will inevitably mean more time spent working. Careers will necessarily become longer, and the retirement age will have to be pushed back, not only so individuals can support themselves, but to avoid overtaxing a nation’s social security system.
…
But such changes would carry their own set of dangers, critics say. Competition for jobs would become fiercer as “mid-life re-trainees” beginning new careers vie with young workers for a limited number of entry-level positions. Especially worrisome is the problem of workplace mobility, Callahan said. “If you have people staying in their jobs for 100 years, that is going to make it really tough for young people to move in and get ahead,” Callahan explained.
讲解如何运用
同学们注意，以上内容给了我们非常好的素材(尤其是标绿部分)。当我们要证明sub point1. 工作压力比现在更大。你能想到用什么方法来有效的论证呢?Maybe你会说以后大家都是高学历者(well-educated)，那么工作的竞争压力自然会更大。这个理由大部分同学都能想得到，那么怎么让你的素材比较novel? 赶紧学学以上段落吧!!!
20年后我们会变得更加长寿，这就意味着我们的退休年龄push back了，在这种年轻人不断进入职场，而年长者延迟退休的情况下，是不是竞争压力要更大了呢?同时篇章中许多expressions是我们都可以学习的，eg. mid-life re-trainees人到中年再就业者;a limited number of entry-level positions有限的招聘岗位;
写作真题
2015.10.11 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is a waste of money for government to fund space travel and exploration.
写作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: 目前地球存在的问题：环境污染越发严重，能源日益减少，人口激增等。所以我们有必要去探索宇宙，找到新的居住地，发现新能源。
Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一项投资，不能说是a waste of money.
Sub point3: 诚然当今社会还有很多没有解决的问题需要政府来处理。这些问题可能比宇宙探索、旅行迫切多了，但是这并不意味着政府做这件事情就是浪费钱。因为如果政府不做就没有人有这个能力了。
话题相关内容
第四版北极星3 Unit3----Exploring the Red Planet
相关文章
MARS: OUR NEW HOME?
If you think you’d like to live on Mars, you may have that possibility by 2023. A Dutch company called Mars One will soon advertise for people interested in colonizing Mars. If you have all the necessary skills—and there are a lot—you could be one of the first colonists to Mars. Are you ready for the challenge?
…
As a future colonist in one of the six teams, you will go through years of training. If your team is the first team to travel to Mars, your main responsibility when you get there will be to build a place where humans can live. The atmosphere on Mars does not have enough oxygen for humans, and the land is not good enough to grow food. Colonists will have to create an artificial environment on Mars where there is air to breathe and land to farm. Scientists know Earth-like conditions can be simulated on Mars because something similar has already been done in Antarctica, where humans cannot survive outside the created environment.(对火星环境的具体描述&科学家们如何将其改造的适合人类居住。)
Humans may have another problem in space as well. It takes nearly a year to get to Mars, so travelers would be without the Earth’s gravity for a long time. In addition, Mars One astronauts will not return to Earth. Their mission is to start a colony that can support itself. So, the colonists will live the rest of their lives there. When a human lives in an environment without gravity or with low gravity for a long time, the systems in the body weaken. For example, muscles and bones lose strength. The heart also gets weaker. The blood in the body gets thicker, and it becomes more difficult for the heart to push blood through the body. Luckily, spinning the spaceship can create artificial gravity, and artificial gravity can ease these problems.(针对情况：我们的身体可能会遇到挑战，例如失重。)
It also will be difficult for Mars colonists to be isolated, far from home, living in small spaces, and seeing the same people over and over. It is important to come up with solutions to possible problems before anyone actually goes on a Mars mission. Colonists with depression could put the mission in danger. Fortunately, a few years ago, a joint Russian and European project called the Mars500 Mission took place. It studied people’s reactions to long-term space travel by following six astronauts in a Mars-like environment. The astronauts spent 520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (针对情况：在太空中我们的心理可能会遇到什么挑战，会不会出现心理疾病呢…)
讲解如何运用
关于这个话题，同学们脑海中应该会浮现中一幅幅宇宙探索的画面，例如近期的《火星救援》(The Martian)相信大家在这个话题上比较能达成共识，那就是政府花钱探索宇宙并非浪费钱的一种行为。
但是如何解释清楚呢?思路已经给大家了。现在我们回到[Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一项投资，不能说是a waste of money.]
同学们想一下，当我们要证明宇宙探索的实效性、是有前景的，是不是应该展现给考官一个画面：在探索宇宙的过程中政府正在克服一个个unavoidable 困难，政府正在为寻找下一个家园而努力着，所以怎么能叫浪费钱呢?!
想清楚这点之后，不够哦!接下来怎么写呢?探索宇宙过程中具体会遇到什么难题呢?又是如何去解决的呢?英文要怎么表述啊?感觉好多专业术语不会讲，怎么办? !!!
同学们，那么请再仔细看看以上篇章中标绿的部分，是不是心中豁然开朗了呢，这篇文章简直就是为托福写作量身定做的!
520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (针对情况：在太空中我们的心理可能会遇到什么挑战，会不会出现心理疾病呢…)
写作真题
2015.10.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
In the past people were more friendly than they are today.
写作思路
Main point: Agree
Sub point1: 现在人生活节奏快，每天都非常忙碌，没什么时间关注他人，自然不如以前的人friendly。
Sub point2:当今社会诈骗行为很多，加上媒体的曝光，人们的防范心理很强，对陌生人极其警惕;而以前人们对陌生人是比较友善的。
Sub point3:当然不能否认当今社会中依然有很多friendly 的行为举措，很多人也极其warm-hearted.但是整体来说是以前的人比较friendly。其中有个比较重要的因素是现代人相对selfish,尤其在中国 One-Child Policy的影响下,独身子女相对会比较自私。
话题相关内容
第四版北极星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud
相关文章
(如下篇章内容围绕思路中的sub point2展开)
同学们，你们现在看到的就是北极星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud的引入部分。其实在这个版块我们就可以学到很多单词： medical fraud(医疗诈骗), Internet fraud(网络欺诈)，Identity theft(身份盗窃)……这些表达在你的作文中都可以用到哦～接下来具体看一个篇章~
TYPES OF FRAUD
(注意：本文通篇可用，就不标注重点内容)
Fraud has been increasing around the world because of computer technology. One example is the Nigerian Bank Fraud. People are contacted by email and asked to help transfer money from Nigeria or other African countries by allowing the money to be placed temporarily in their bank accounts. The real motive is not to transfer money but to obtain personal banking information.(本段结合具体实例来说明当今世界，计算机的广泛使用、网络的普及让Fraud影响更大。可作为sub point2的素材。)
Another type of computer fraud is known as “phishing,” or trying to obtain financial information by impersonating a bank employee. When this kind of fraud takes place, you receive email messages from someone pretending to represent your bank. You are then asked to provide your account number or other identifying information. This kind of deception seems so real that many people respond to it and give away their financial and personal information.(本段提到的网络欺诈，大家是否很熟悉呢?里边的表达phishing, impersonate, deception这些好用的词汇学到手了吗?)
The telephone is also used by con men and women who try to impress people with amazing prizes and offers. Sometimes they will call and ask for your banking information so that they can put prize money into your account. If you do not trust a person contacting you by phone, ask for his or her name, business phone number, and company address. You can then contact the company yourself to learn whether or not you have reason to be suspicious.(电话诈骗有碰到过吗?在我们的日常生活中是不是很常见?这是不是让你不再那么相信陌生人了呢?“骗子”这个词可以用con men and women来表达，了解吗?所以本段内容也可以作为素材。)
Modern communications technology has made it easier for people to trick you with fake deals and requests for information. When you go online, you find many websites offering products and services such as medical treatment and legal advice. How can you know if something is real? Fortunately, there are many organizations that can help you make sure that companies and individuals are treating you with honesty. If you believe that you are involved in a case of fraud, be sure to report it and ask for help.
讲解如何运用
同学们，相信大家看完全文会发现基本整个篇章拿过来全是supporting materials.其实对于sub point2欺诈行为这点，同学们根据个人的经历以及网络、报纸上的新闻都可以想到具体的例子，关键的是不知道怎么表达，所以上文对于填补大家表达上空缺是非常有效的。
写作真题
2015.11.15 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities
写作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: Money越多在一定程度上意味着能帮助越多的人，而当今社会还有很多人温饱问题都解决不了，所以应该出更多的钱给慈善机构。可以用Bill Gates的例子。
Sub point2:对自身也有好处，自己在帮助他人的过程中可以更好的认识自己，变得更加快乐，更加自信，更加知道生命的意义。
Sub point3:可以让这个世界更加美好。许多问题的出现都是因为贫富差距过大导致的，如果富了之后会拿更多的钱出来帮助他人，那么这个世界必将更加美好。
话题相关内容
第三版北极星4 -Unit6----Give and Learn
相关文章
This 1979 Nobel Peace Prize winner spent many years working with the extremely poor in India. Though not a rich person, Mother Teresa was able to personally help thousands of people. disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities.
This business person is one of the richest people in the world. Bill Gates is also a very generous philanthropist and has created a foundation focusing on education and healthcare.
This movie star is reported to give away 1/3 of his/her income to several charities. Angelina Jolie is also the Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
This wealthy talk show host has created a foundation “to support the education and empowerment of women, children and families”. Oprah Winfrey has also established a school for girls in South Africa.
讲解如何运用
本文的展开需要有大量的实例来说明做慈善是必要的，本单元中的Angelina Jolie, Oprah Winfrey, Bill Gates, Mother Teresa都是慈善的好例子。
结语
托福写作时“无话可说”乃是因为平时缺乏素材积累，输入太少呐。对于素材，同学们要注意以下几点：一是素材最好是英文表达，不然考试时，即使心中满满的例子写的时候却发现好多意思不知怎样用英文表达;二是素材在表达上不宜太难，否则难以理解和记忆。三是好的素材要熟悉到位，同学们面对好的素材不能只是记在本子上或是存在电脑中，一定要记在脑子里!如何确定已经记在脑子里了呢?找个一起考托福的小伙伴，把例子用英文讲一遍给他/她听;或者找张纸，写一遍。当你说完或者写完，对方听了或者看了惊叹你的表达或者例子好棒时，说明你是真的掌握了这个例子!不然没有记在脑子里，再好的素材也是枉然~
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