托业阅读笔记：列举题解题法

列举题是托业考试阅读中的其中一种题型，那么大家知道该如何去解答它吗？下面小编给大家带来托业阅读笔记：列举题解题法，希望大家喜欢！

托业阅读笔记：列举题解题法

TOEIC考试之托业阅读笔记:列举题解题法

一、问题形式列举题，也叫排除列举题，ETS称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。基本形式如下：According to the passage， which of the following is NOT true of X?

The author‘s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT

二、解题技巧

列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。注意问题中的否定词Not 和EXCEPT.

1.列举题的解题步骤1)看题干找关键词问题中有关键词的，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。

2) 阅读四个选项题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。

3) 排除与原文相符的选项将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。例如，The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies， are long-lived， and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more， outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins， a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns， the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves， trunk， and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established， it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time， and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted， however， that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature， as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum， exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT the capacity to create shade leaves containing tannin the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire the large number of acorns the tree produces本题对应第七段(见上文)，其中前三个选项所说的条件(从第四句开始)都对oak tree的长寿有利，而第四个选项所说的“acorns的数量”并未与oak tree的寿命直接联系在一起，因此为正确答案。

2.列举的两种形式1)集中列举集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如，They used the pots they made for cooking， storing food， and carrying things from place to place. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?

(A) To hold food.(B) To wash clothes.(C) To cook.(D) To transport objects. 2)分散列举分散列举的各项可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文一一进行比较，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。例如，

Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness， its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish， harmful or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd， Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science， A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes， humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art， not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence， satire rearranges perspectives， scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus， an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking， cheap moralizing， and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see， hear， and read in popular media is sanctimonious， sentimental， and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them， nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.

The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT(A) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations(B) brushing away illusions(C) reminding readers of the truth(D) exposing false values.

这道列举题的选项分布于文中各处，是一道分散列举题。其中选项(B)对应第一段倒数第二句…they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，选项(C)对应第二段第三句：Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(D)对应第一段第五句：Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.(A)与原文第一段的意思“satire并无新意，只是表达独特”相矛盾，符合题意，为正确答案。

托业阅读考试中常见百句短语汇总

1. abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于;遵守。 　　2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在 　　3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 　　4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态):be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近:be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on 　　5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 　　6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 　　7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. without accident(=safely) 安全地, 　　8. of one's own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地 　　9. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one's accord with 同….不一致 　　10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 　　11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据 　　12. on one's own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 2)(=at one's own risk) 自行负责 3)(=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有………重要性. 　　13. take…into account(=consider)把……考虑进去 　　14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由) 　　15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 　　16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 　　17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装) 　　18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 　　19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 　　20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 　　21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 　　22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于 　　23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 　　24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 　　25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 　　26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 　　27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 　　28. adjust……(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 　　29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地. 　　30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 　　31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地. 　　32. have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事

托业阅读理解指导

iraqi constitution may be postponed

the announcement came hours before the 71-member drafting committee was to say whether it would need an extension to finish the document. the committee chairman, humam hammoudi, said there was an "80 percent chance" his group would ask for a one-month extension.

the united states has been pushing the iraqis to meet the deadline to maintain political momentum seen as crucial to defeating the insurgency and enabling u.s. and other foreign troops to begin leaving iraq next year. main points in dispute include such issues as federalism, dual nationality and the role of islam.

"i believe, according to what i heard from the head of the drafting committee and other members, that there is big chance that what has been agreed upon will be drafted while points of disagreement will be postponed to a future date," spokesman laith kubba told reporters.

a sunni member of the committee, saleh al-mutlaq, suggested postponing a decision on the most troublesome issues until after the dec. 15 general elections.

"we will wait for drafting points of disagreement until there is a better atmosphere," kubba said. the constitution should be approved by parliament by aug. 15 and submitted to the voters in a referendum two months later.

framers of iraq’s new constitution expect to submit a draft in time for parliament to meet an aug. 15 deadline for approval, but decisions on some key points may be deferred until later, the government spokesman said sunday.

托业考试阅读材料

Bart Lorang may be the best boss ever.

巴特-洛朗或许将成为老板。

The CEO of Denver-based internet start-up FullContact API said in a market that is competitive for top talent, he wants to keep his employees happy and refreshed.

美国丹佛的网络初创公司FullContact API的总裁巴特-洛朗表示，在各家争相雇佣人才的竞争市场中，他想让自己的员工心情愉快，充满干劲。

The flip-flop wearing founder offers his employees ,500 for what he calls “paid, paid vacation,” however there are rules.

这位穿着夹趾凉拖的公司创始人向他的每位员工提供7500美元，用于“付费带薪休假”，但需遵守相关规定。

“One, you actually have to take a vacation to get the money,” Lorang said. “Two, you have to disconnect from work, so that means no calls, no emails, no tweets, no work of any kind.”

洛朗说：“首先，你必须去度假才能拿到这笔钱。其次，你必须切断与工作的联系，这意味着不接电话，不回电邮，不发推特，不做任何形式的工作。”

Even Lorang admitted he has trouble following his rules.

洛朗承认他自己遵守这些规定也有困难。

“I suck at it,” he said.

他说：“我也没能遵守。”

A picture of the CEO and his fiancee Sarah at Egypt’s great pyramids captured Lorang checking his email.

在洛朗和未婚妻萨拉在埃及金字塔拍摄的一张照片上，他正在查看电邮。

Not surprisingly, employees said they loved having the company pick up the tabfor their vacations.

公司为员工支付度假费用，员工们当然感到很开心。

“It’s a real break for your brain,” said Robbie Jack, a FullContact API employee. “You come back refreshed and reinvigorated and more excited about the stuff you were working on when you left.”

该公司员工罗比-杰克说：“这才能真正让大脑放松。你回来工作时会精神抖擞，充满活力，对之前的工作更加振奋。”

If the idea of having a boss pick up the tab for a dream vacation is tantalizing, good news: Lorang is hiring.

如果老板掏钱让员工度假的主意非常诱人的话，那么还有个好消息：洛朗在招聘。

“We’re probably going to hire about 12 folks in the next six months,” he said.

他说：“在未来半年内，我们大概要招聘12名员工。”

托业阅读笔记：列举题解题法相关文章：

1.托业考试阅读题的方法技巧