如何排除托福阅读干扰项

　　　托福阅读中不少题型之所以难度比较高考生经常做错，很多情况下都是因为题目选项中有错误干扰选项再影响大家的思路。如果考生能够第一时间就辨识出这些选项答题正确率自然会有所提升。下面小编就来为大家讲解具体的排除干扰选项的技巧。

托福阅读陷阱：不相干选项的干扰

　　举例一：

　　The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus

　　○ Lived later than Ambulocetus natans

　　○ Lived at the same time as Pakicetus

　　○ Was able to swim well

　　○ Could not have walked on land

　　Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus….

　　这是一道事实信息题，根据题干中的关键词hind leg和Basilosaurus，本着“快、准、狠”的原则，找到定位句Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long

　　Basilosaurus on land. (这样的后肢太小了以至于不能支撑Basilosaurus在陆地上活动)，和选项做一个对照，发现D是对定位句的同义改写，这样就可以直接选出正确答案D。

　　然后我们以胜利者的姿态来看一下A选项，根据原文小盆友们可以知道这个选项有提到，说法也正确(Ambulocetus natans...lived…9 million before Basilosaurus)，但为什么不选呢?再来看下题干：Basilosaurus的后肢是个重要的发现(a significant find)因为它的后肢揭示出什么?A选项中说Basilosaurus晚于Ambulocetus natans，这和它的后肢是重要发现无关，所以是错误选项。

　　举例二：

　　All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT

　　○ The capacity to create shade

　　○ Leaves containing tannin

　　○ The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

　　○ The large number of acorns the tree produces

　　Paragraph 7: The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire…

　　我们先来看题干，以下除了哪一个都是橡树长寿的原因，大家会发现四个选项在原文中都有提及，这个时候不要乱了阵脚，通常有一个选项也就是正确答案与原文矛盾或者与题干不相关，看D选项在原文中的表述：虽然橡树可以产生数以千计的橡子(acorns)，但是，它们对大量的橡子投入的能量，和用于树叶、树干和根部生长的能量相比，简直微乎其微。这句话讲的是橡树能量的分配，和树长寿没有关联，所以正确答案应该是D，它并不是橡树长寿的原因。

　　托福阅读5大重点题型错误干扰选项判断技巧汇总

　　托福阅读重点题型错误选项判断技巧：主旨题/总结题

　　主旨总结题中，选项为细节信息或者是支持性论述，而非主要观点。

　　考生们在做此类题型时注意：该题主要考察考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨识能力，因此正确的答案综合了文章的各个观点，所以不会与文章中的任何一句话完全相符;欲选出正确答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找，并且在头脑中形成文章的一个整体框架结构，并且记清楚文章主要观点和其他重要信息。

　　托福阅读重点题型错误选项判断技巧：推论题

　　推论类问题中，选项重复原文信息，也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容，这样的选项也容易误导考生。

　　注意在解答此类问题时，不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思，还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。

　　托福阅读重点题型错误选项判断技巧：直接事实题

　　直接事实题中，有的选项重复文章中的信息，但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。

　　考生们最好在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项，同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项，一定要回答问题。

　　托福阅读重点题型错误选项判断技巧：句子简化题

　　句子简化题中，有的选项内容和原文相符，但忽略了原文重要信息，这样的选项最容易误导考生。

　　在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子，根据标点和关联词，把句子按照义群，拆分为几个部分，学会长句短读，迅速找出句子的主句，也就是主谓宾或者主系表。

　　托福阅读重点题型错误选项判断技巧：修辞目的题

　　修辞目的题中，选项中出现的是例子，即作者说了什么，但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。

　　考生们在做题时注意字眼definition, example, to illustrate, to explain, to criticize 等。

　　托福阅读：推断题的解题方法

　　你还在害怕做推断题吗?

　　调查：你认为哪种题目最难

　　托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南, 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。

　　毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。

　　那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?

　　今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。

　　题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词

　　考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。

　　考查形式一：对比推断

　　A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?

　　解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。

　　注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…

　　例题

　　The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

　　What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

　　○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

　　○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

　　○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

　　○They did not operate in a national market economy.

　　答案D

　　对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

　　B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?

　　解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。

　　注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。

　　例题

　　Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

　　○There were great numbers of them.

　　○They lived in the sea only.

　　○They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　答案A

　　对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　考查形式二：细节推断

　　考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。

　　解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。

　　例题

　　Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

　　○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

　　○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

　　○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

　　○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

　　答案C

　　AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

　　BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

　　C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

　　综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：

　　1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

　　2记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。

　　3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。

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