托福阅读中常用固定搭配及句子扩展

托福考试前大家要注意平时多积累，帮助大家扩展托福词汇积累，下面小编为大家整理了托福阅读中常用固定搭配及句子扩展，帮助大家掌握和理解这些固定搭配的使用方法，供大家积累和学习，跟着小编一起来看看。

托福阅读中常用固定搭配及句子扩展

For the past+ 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

It pays to + V ~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

That is the reason why ~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

For the past+ 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...)

托福阅读背景知识之虚拟现实与化学疗法

Grapefruit， orange and apple juices can harm the body's ability to absorb certain medications and make the drugs less effective， said a Canadian study released last week in the United States.

上周在美国发表的一篇加拿大研究报告指出，柚子汁、橙汁、苹果汁会损害身体吸收某些药物的功能，从而降低药物的功效。

The research showed that these juices can decrease the effectiveness of certain drugs used to treat heart disease， cancer， organ-transplant rejection and infection， "potentially wiping out their beneficial effects，" it said.

此研究表明，这些果汁会降低某些治疗心脏病、癌症、以及器官移植排斥和传染的药物的效力，并潜在抵消药物有益的作用。

David Bailey， a professor of clinical pharmacology with the University of Western Ontario and leader of the study， was the first researcher to identify grapefruit juice's potential to increase the absorption of certain drugs two decades ago， possibly turning some doses toxic.

这次研究的负责人，西安大略大学的临床药理学专家大卫·贝利，已于两十年前首次证实了柚子汁可能会增加某种药物的吸收，并可能形成一些有毒的物质。

The new findings came as part of his continuing research on the subject， and were presented at the 236th annual meeting of the American Chemical Society on Philadelphia， Pennsylvania.

这个新的发现作为他在这个专题持续研究的一部分，在宾夕法尼亚州费城的美国化学协会第236届的年会上发表。

"Recently， we discovered that grapefruit and these other fruit juices substantially decrease the oral absorption of certain drugs undergoing intestinal uptake transport，" AFP quoted Bailey as saying.

“最近，我们发现柚子汁和其他果汁大大地减少了某些口服药物在肠道内摄入转移的量。”支持贝利的AFP如是说。

"The concern is loss of benefit of medications essential for the treatment of serious medical conditions."

“真正的担忧是药物失去了其对于治疗某些严重病情的本质疗效。”

Healthy volunteers took fexofenadine， an antihistamine used to fight allergies， along with either a glass of grapefruit juice， a glass of water with naringin (which gives the bitter taste to grapefruit juice)， or plain water.

健康的志愿者服用一种治疗过敏症的抗组织胺药fexofenadine，并分别用一杯柚子汁、泡柚皮甙的水(此种水会使柚子汁的味道更苦)和白开水送服。

Those who drank the grapefruit juice absorbed only half the amount of fexofenadine， compared to those who drank plain water.

那些用柚子汁送服的对fexofenadine的吸收量仅为那些用纯水送服的人的一半。

Researchers said the water with naringin served to block "a key drug uptake transporter， called OATP1A2， involved in shuttling drugs from the small intestine to the bloodstream."

研究者说，喝了泡有柚皮甙的水会阻碍一种叫做OATP1A2的关键的药物输送物质，该物质可以帮助药物从小肠转移至血液中。

Among the drugs affected by consumption of grapefruit， orange and apple juices are： etoposide， an anticancer agent; beta blockers (atenolol， celiprolol， talinolol) used to treat high blood pressure and prevent heart attacks; and certain antibiotics (ciprofloxacin， levofloxacin， itraconazole). More drugs were expected to be added to the list as the research continued.

受柚子，橙子，和苹果汁影响的药物有：抗癌作用剂依托泊苷;用来治疗高血压和防止心脏病发作的β-受体阻滞药(阿替洛尔，塞替洛尔，他林洛尔);某些抗生素(环丙沙星，氧氟沙星，伊曲康唑)。随着研究的进行将会有更多的药物加入到这个列表中。

Bailey said patients should consult with a doctor about taking medications with juice， and stick to plain water when taking most medications.

贝利说病人用果汁送服药物时应咨询医生的意见，并且服用大多数药物时应坚持用白开水送服。

托福阅读中关于猫的谚语和俚语

1. 猫cat一词来自古英语catt，威尔士语叫做cath，西班牙语是gato，法语叫chat，德语则是kat，他们都源于拉丁语catus、 cattus或者catta，表示家猫domestic cat，相应野猫wildcat的拉丁语就是feles。英文里常常把cat叫做pussycat，就跟我们把猫叫做猫咪一样吧?日语的猫读作ねこ neko。

2. 一只猫叫做cat，一群猫要叫什么?有个专用词叫做clowder，比方clowders of cats，还能用cludder或者clutter。男猫叫做tom哦，原来《猫和老鼠》里头那只不是随便叫的;可要是被阉割过的公猫就要叫做gib了。母猫叫做molly或者queen，女王诶!小猫咪大家都知道叫做kitten，在英国叫catling。

3. 古埃及人对于猫有着特别的敬畏，因为女神Bastet巴蒂斯特往往以猫的姿态出现;而北欧爱与美的女神弗蕾亚Freyja所乘的战车是两只猫拉动的。很多古老的宗教认为猫拥有高贵的灵魂exalted souls;而很多文化认为猫多命multiple lives。日本的招财猫招き猫まねきねこManeki Neko是财富的象征。

4. 和猫有关的习语好些个都涉及发怒。

坏脾气的人，能用a bag of cats表示，想来一袋子猫可不是很抓狂嘛?举例：My boss was a bag of cats yesterday. 老板昨天发飙了唉。

同时hellcat特指发怒的女人，而have kittens也表示易怒，因为中世纪孕妇要是脾气暴，会被认为是中了巫术怀上猫崽挠肚子。

5. 猫狗词组必定大战。

fight like cats and dogs就表示吵得昏天黑地。

同样live a cat and dog life就是三天一小吵五天一大吵;

cat-and-dog就是爱吵架的。

raining cats and dogs下猫下狗表示下大雨，因为狗是风神奥丁的侍从，猫是大雨的象征。

6. 猫猫身体上的各个部分也能表达有趣的含义：

cat-eyed猫眼表示晚上也看得见;

cat's foot或者cat's paw猫爪表示被人利用成为傀儡;

cat o'nine tails是一种分好多头儿的鞭子;

catlap猫猫舔则是很淡的茶或者牛奶;

catnap表示小睡一会儿;

cat's meow、cat's pajamas和cat's whiskers都是出类拔萃的意思!

7. 说到猫，当然也少不了老鼠……

A cat in gloves catches no mice. 戴手套的猫老鼠抓不到-意思是为达到目的可不能太斯文客气;

Keep no more cats that catch mice. 能抓老鼠的猫才养着-就是说别跟吃干饭的人来往;

When the cat's away， the mice will play. 山中无老虎猴子称大王。

8.各种各样的猫代表着各种各样的人：

alley cat胡同里的猫就是流浪猫，wildcat其实是野生的猫啦。

cool cat是时尚前卫的人，多指男性;

hep cat本来表示爵士乐迷，现在也有酷炫的意思;

copycat就是山寨假冒;

fat cat是权贵之人;

tomcat雄猫也有花花公子的意思;

glamour puss是光彩照人的女子。

9. 猫猫的各种行为也成了谚语的一部分

fight like Kilkenny cats就是我们中文里头的两败俱伤，Kilkenny是爱尔兰的小镇，无聊的士兵会斗猫，直到双方自相残杀，太残酷了，会有报应的!

enough to make a cat laugh表示某事好笑得让猫都笑了;

like a cat on hot bricks热砖上的猫咪，有点像热锅上的蚂蚁，表示很紧张神经质……

10. 地狱猫和好奇猫

As much chance as a wax cat in hell，意思是根本就没有机会;

这句话还可以说成"not have a cat in hell's chance" ：

eg. They haven't a cat in hell's chance of getting over the mountain in weather like this。

在这种天气里，他们根本没机会翻越这座山。

Curiosity killed the cat，好奇杀死猫，是一句再熟悉不过的谚语。它原意是要提醒人们谨慎小心。

11. 很多和猫相关的谚语都和名著有关

Grinning like a cheshire cat，“笑得像只柴郡猫” 意思就是说傻笑，这句话在《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中得到了绝妙的体现——想想那只柴郡猫，不是一直在笑吗?

Dog my cats，一句轻微的咒骂，跟"damn it!"意思差不多，中文大可译为“喵了个咪”。欧亨利在《一只黄狗的记忆》中提到过。

12. 不提到“猫”这个词，同样可以和猫有关

Rub someone's fur the wrong way，“反摸猫毛”，意思是激怒某人;

Make the fur fly，“让毛飞起来”，意思是开始一场争斗;

I smell a rat，“闻到了老鼠的味道”，意思是觉察到什么秘密。

托福阅读背景之深海生物的生存

Once it seemed that the ocean floor was a desert of darkness. As everyone knew， sunlight was what made life possible by fueling photosynthesis， and sunlight can penetrate only the first few hundred yards of the ocean’s great depths. Lower， a few creatures might still eke out a living by scrounging the organic detritus that drifts down from the surface of the sea. But thousands of feet down， in the utter blackness at the ocean’s bottom， there could be practically nothing.

Then， in 1977， underwater explorers discovered that there was in fact something， and quite a lot of it. At mid-ocean ridges， where new ocean floor rises up as molten rock from Earth’s interior， where cold seawater mixes with the rising magma and， heated to 650 degrees， spews back up through chimney-shaped hydrothermal vents， researchers stumbled across bustling ecosystems. Clinging to the sides of the chimneys were thick white mats of bacteria; around them were eight-foot-long stalk-shaped worms， rocking in the water， while eyeless shrimp seethed around the chimneys like maggots. All were thriving on the energy bound up in the vents’ sulfur compounds. The seafloor might still be dark， but now it was known to be dotted with gardens.

In just the past eight years， however， underwater explorers have discovered that this picture is still incomplete： there is light at the bottom of the sea. Hydrothermal vents glow， and while the light is too faint to be perceived by the human eye， that hardly means it is without significance. Physicists maintain that although some of the light may be created by the intense heat， much of it must be attributed to some as-yet- unknown process. Biologists， meanwhile， say there is sufficient light at these vents for photosynthesis to take place. Researchers can’t say yet whether any creatures are actually living off this light， but if they are， they will represent the first known instance of natural photosynthesis without sunlight. The evolutionary implications may run deeper： it’s possible not only that this deep light is fueling photosynthesis now， but that， 3.8 billion years ago， it got the whole process started.

本篇关键词：

Photosynthesis

thousands of feet down

ocean’s bottom

mid-ocean ridges

650 degrees

bustling ecosystems

bound up in

sulfur compounds

light at the bottom of the sea

photosynthesis without sunlight

中文相关知识：

无处不在的细菌：没有阳光就不能进行光合作用，地面生物就无法生存了。但是在2000—3000米深的海底，没有阳光的地方，各种生物又是以什么为食物来维持生命呢?科学家从海底采取的水样中发现了奥妙。原来在水下2500到3000米的海底常有温泉出现，这些温泉喷涌出高达350摄氏度的水流。海底热泉水从地下带上来许多硫酸盐，硫酸盐在高温高压下变成了有臭鸡蛋味的硫化氢，一些以硫化氢为营养的细菌以极快的速度繁衍。细菌通过摄取温泉里丰富的化合物获得能量，它们帮助温泉水把周围变成一片生机勃勃的海底绿洲。小动物就以细菌为食，大动物又以小动物为食，这样就形成了新的食物链。

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