托福阅读常考的海洋话题
托福阅读中的海洋话题，会考察同学们对大洋和海的认识，海洋生物，例如海藻和海草，海绵动物，水母和海葵等，让我们一起来看看这些与海洋有关的背景知识吧!
托福阅读常考的海洋话题
1.大洋和海(oceans and seas)
大洋是指面积广阔的大海，而海是和陆相对的一个概念。陆地和大海相接的地方形成各种美丽的海滩。海洋可以调节气温，因而在决定气候方面起到了重要作用。在热带地区这一点体现得更为明显，海洋会吸收太阳散发出的热量，使地面变得相对凉爽，并把热量散步到地球各地。海洋没有一刻是静止的。海水会随着潮流沿着一定的方向不停地流动。潮汐是由月球和太阳的引力(gravitational pull)而产生的一种现象，潮水涨幅最大时称为朔望大潮( spring tide)，涨幅小时称为小潮(neap tide)。
2.海藻和海草(algae and seaweeds)
海藻和其他植物一样含有叶绿素，可以通过光合作用制造养分。海藻根据其所处的海水深度可分为绿藻( green algae)、红藻(red algae)和褐藻(brown algae)三种。
3.海绵动物、水母和海葵( sponges，jellyfish and sea anemones)
海绵动物是最原始的多细胞动物，全世界共有五千多种。海绵动物没有组织和器官(organ)，是最为简单的动物，其身体由类似胶质的两层组成。水母、海尝属于腔肠动物。和海绵动物想比，腔肠动物具有相对复杂的神经组织和对称的身形，还有像触手(tentacle) 一样、由刺细胞 ( stinging cell)构成的嘴...
托福阅读真题练习：海洋文化的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.
In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch.
Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.
The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.
After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.
托福阅读题目：
1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) Methods of food preservation
(B) How diet was restricted by the environment
(C) The contributions of women to the food supply
(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms
2. The word "unique" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) comprehensible
(B) productive
(C) intentional
(D) particular
3. The word "attained" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) achieved
(B) modified
(C) demanded
(D) spread
4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is
(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers
(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers
(C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers
(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers
5.According to the passage , what is true of the "division of labor" mentioned in line 5?
(A) It was first developed by NativeAmericans of the north Pacific Coast.
(B) It rarely existed among hunting
(C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many other
peoples.
(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.
6. The word "abundant" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) prosperous
(B) plentiful
(C) acceptable
(D) fundamental
7.All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they
(A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish
(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did
(C) sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast
(D) prepared and preserved the fish
8. The word "They" in line 16 refers to
(A) women
(B) tools
(C) mammals
(D) men
9. The NativeAmericans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to
(A) store utensils used in food preparation
(B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling
(C) have a place to store fish and shellfish
(D) prepare elaborate meals
10. The wore "peculiar" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) strange
(B) distinctive
(C) appealing
(D) biological
11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that
it was
(A) made from fish
(B) not actually cheese
(C) useful on long journeys
(D) made in a short period of time
托福阅读答案：
CDAAC BCABB D
新托福阅读机经：地球海洋的形成
托福考试日期：
2019年1月5日
托福考试内容回忆：
学科分类：天文
题目： 地球海洋的形成
内容回忆：海洋的形成，通过研究地球轨道 orbit 运动，太阳活动的变化去猜测海洋的形成，最终得出结论地球海洋形成是慢慢演变的
词汇题：
1. extreme = intense
2. collide= mix together
3. in retrospect=reconsider the past
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