托福阅读_心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理
托福阅读涉及各学科范畴，心理学是托福阅读考察频次较高的一个学科范畴，下面我们就来看一看和心理学有关的核心词汇及真题梳理。
托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理
1. 心理的mental
Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.
最近几年对精神病的态度已有所改变。
2. 身体的，物质的，物理的physical
Poor housing and family stress can affect both physical and mental health.
住房条件差、家庭压力大会影响身心两方面的健康。
3. 心灵的spiritual
Although spiritual leader of millions of people, the Pope has no temporal power.
教皇虽然是亿万人的精神领袖，但没有丝毫的世俗权力。
4. 从众conformity
Excessive conformity is usually caused by fear of disapproval.
过于墨守成规通常都是由于担心得不到认可。
5. 多数人 majority
Independent candidates won the majority of seats on the local council.
无党派候选人在地方议会选举中赢得了多数席位。
6. 少数人 minority
Only a minority of the people supported the Revolution.
只有少数人支持这场革命。
7. (心理学)初始性判断 threshold judgment
Small diamond search and threshold judgment are used to this algorithm.该算法主要使用了小菱形窗的搜索策略和阈值判决方法。
8. subject 受实验对象
The Subject was transported to the safe house in a'covert car.
试验对象通过一辆‘秘密汽车’输送到安全屋.
9. 心理学 psychology
Psychology began as a purely academic offshoot of natural philosophy.
心理学最初是自然哲学一个纯粹的学术分支。
10. 心理现象 mental phenomenon
We must experience directly the reality of this mental physical phenomenon.
我们必须直接体验这身心现象的实相.
11. 心理过程 mental process
Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study.
言语理解是一个复杂的心理过程, 同时在外语教学中发挥着重要的作用.
12. 心理状态 mental state
Sedentary can cause people to mental depression, Aichi Wumingzhihuo , poor mental state.
久坐会导致人心理压抑,爱发无名之火, 精神状态欠佳.
13. 心理活动 mental activity
Reading is a deep - going and complex mental activity and an important way of spreading information.
阅读是一种深刻而复杂的精神活动,是信息传播的有效手段.
14. 意识 consciousness
I was meditating, and reached a higher state of consciousness.
我在冥想，并进入了一个更高的意识境界。
15. 内部活动 internal activity
The human body maintains an internal surroundings favorable to normal cell activity.
人体保持着一个适宜于细胞正常活动的内部环境.
16. 普通心理学 general psychology
The findings by Duke University researchers appeared appear in the Archives of General Psychology Psychiatry.
杜克大学研究人员的发现发表在普通精神病学纪要中.
17. 实验心理学 experimental psychology
The Department of Experimental Psychology aims for excellence in teaching and research.
实验心理学系的宗旨在于优等的教学与研究.
18. 行为科学 behavioral science
Business etiquette is a behavioral science, and should seriously the systemic training.
商务礼仪是行为科学, 应充分重视训练的系统性.
19. 心身关系 mind-body relation
20. 遗传 heredity
Do heredity and environment determine a man's character?
遗传和环境决定一个人的性格 吗 ?
21. 活动理论 activity theory
22. 中央处理器模型 central processor model
23. 信息储存 information storage
24. 人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI
This method of AI is called propagation of error.
这种人工智能的方法称为误差传播.
25. 计算机类比 computer analogy
26. 计算机模拟 computer simulation
27. 计算机模型 computer model
28. 测谎器 lie detector
29. 预期误差 anticipation error
30. 正误法 method of right and wrong cases
31. 反应 response
32. 访谈法 interview method
33. 问卷法 questionnaire
34. 表情法 method of expression
35. 提示法 anticipation method
36. 视觉 vision
37. 瞳孔 pupil
38. 可见光 visible light
39. 颜色匹配 color matching
40. 颜色对比 color contrast
41. 颜色混合 color mixture
42. 加色混合 additive color mixture
43. 色弱 color weakness
44. 红色弱 red weakness
45. 色盲 color blindness
46. 红色盲 red blindness
47. 蓝黄色盲 blue-yellow blindness
48. 内耳 inner ear
49. 中耳 middle ear
50. 反映 reflection
托福阅读真题练习：心理学领域的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.
Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word "essential" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word "pertinent" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once
(lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word "succinct "in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word "revise" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
托福阅读答案：
ADADCABDBB C
托福阅读之心理学知识
1.认知
在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象，然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如，
TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆，但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。
TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子，后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子，讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。
2.条件反射
一般情况下，这类文章会根据一个例子，然后提出假设，接着用实验验证假设，最后得出结论，考生可以分析文章的假设的观点，实验的方法以及结论，这三部分加深对文章的理解。
TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力，记忆力和想象力，这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性，可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。
TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们
解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动，但是这些结论都是不确定的。
心理学高频词汇
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
behaviorism n. 行为主义
muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的
amnesia n. 健忘症，[内科] 记忆缺失
cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的
psychology n. 心理学;心理状态
infants n. 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿
cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的
distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱
心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。
心理学符号的含义：符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思，后来变成英文psyche。
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