托福阅读经典加试：亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展
托福考试中经常会遇到加试的情况，这是很常见的情况。考生需要知道的是托福阅读加试题是肯定要做的，因为设置加试的目的是测试托福考试每次考试的准确性，所以考生要认真对待。下面小编给大家带来托福阅读经典加试：亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展。
托福阅读经典加试：亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展
亚歷山大大帝之后，他的王国分裂为三个，然后又被罗马人统治了(有道题问，在亚歷山大帝国覆灭后，由哪个势力统治)下面，又讲尼罗河埃及的发展~其中的Greece创造了一种文明， 不好意思单词忘了，有点复杂。文章讲述了文明的发生，影响。由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址，单词怪怪的，不过题目不是很困难。
托福阅读背景材料之什么样的人适合创业
Starting a business is a lot like becoming a parent. Not only do you have to prepare for your start-up emotionally and financially，but you have to be committed to its constant needs until it's mature enough to hum along on its own. And even then (much like a child) it will always need you in some capacity，no matter how old it gets.
创业很像当父母。你不仅要在感情上和财务上为自己的企业做好准备，还必须满足它持续不断的需求，直到它足够成熟可以自行运转。即便到了那个时候(很像长大的孩子)，它仍然总是需要你投入一定的精力，无论它有多么成熟。
Here are five questions to ask before you start your own business：
在你考虑自立门户之前，不妨问问自己以下五个问题：
1. Am I passionate about my product or service? 我对自己的产品或者服务充满热情吗?
Let's face it：the start-up phase is stressful. You will find yourself questioning whether you've made the right decision，especially when the hours are long and the initial profits (if any) are lean. As the business owner，you're also chief salesperson for your company. Your enthusiasm for your product or service— whether it's hand-knit sweaters or top-notch tax preparation— is often the difference that hooks customers，lands deals and attracts investors. It's unwise to start down the path of entrepreneurship unless you've got a zeal that will get you through rough patches and keep you interested long after the initial enthusiasm has faded.
让我们直面这样的事实：创业初期你会面临压力很大。你会发现自己在不断质疑是否做出了正确的决策，尤其是在工作时间很长、但最初的利润却很少的情况下。作为企业所有人，你还是企业的主要销售人员。你对于自己产品或者服务──无论它是手织毛衫还是一流的税务服务──的热情常常是抓住客户、取得合约以及吸引投资者的与众不同之处。除非你抱有能够帮助自己度过艰难时日并且在最初的热情逐渐消退之后的很长时间里仍能保持浓厚兴趣的热忱，否则开始创业之路将是不明智的选择。
2. What is my tolerance for risk? 我容忍风险的程度如何?
Whether it's quitting your day job or signing a lease on a new space，nothing about starting a business is for the faint of heart. Just ask Ina Garten，who bought a specialty-foods store called The Barefoot Contessa in East Hampton，New York，in 1978 and has since branched out into cookbooks，television and a line of products. Garten tells aspiring entrepreneurs that you have to 'be willing to jump off the cliff and figure out how to fly on the way down.' Even with enough passion to launch a thousand ventures，you could find any number of circumstances hastening your failure：a location that turns out to be less than ideal，a problem with city or state zoning boards or a kink in the supply chain that can't easily be ironed out. There's no guarantee of success，or even a steady paycheck. If you're risk-averse，entrepreneurship probably isn't the right path for you.
无论是辞掉平日的工作，还是签署新的租约，创业的方方面面都不是为意志薄弱的人准备的。问问艾娜加滕(Ina Garten)就好了。她在1978年买下了纽约州东汉普敦的一家特色食品商店The Barefoot Contessa，从此一发不可收拾，扩展至烹饪书籍、电视等领域，并推出了一系列产品。加滕告诉那些满怀抱负的企业家，你必须“愿意跳下悬崖，搞清楚在下降的过程中如何飞行。”即便你有足够的热情推出一千家企业，你还是可能会发现加速失败的各种情形：不太理想的地点，与城市或者州分区有关的麻烦，无法轻易摆脱的供应链问题等等。没有成功的保证，甚至是稳定的薪水。如果你不愿冒险，创业恐怕不是适合你走的路。
3. Am I good at making decisions? 我善于做出决策吗?
No one else is going to make them for you when you own your own business. Consider how you might handle these early decisions：Do I work from home or do I lease office space? Do I hire employees? Do I pursue high-end clients or sell to the masses? Do I incorporate? Do I advertise? Do I borrow money from friends or family? Do I use my entire savings? Keep in mind that the decision-making process only gets more complicated as time goes on，once you have employees or clients depending on you. The choices you make can lead to success or downfall，so you must feel confident in your ability to make the right call.
当你拥有自己的企业后，别人不会为你做出决策。想想你可能会怎么应对这些早期的决策：我是在家办公，还是在外租用办公室?我要不要雇佣员工?我要争取高端客户，还是面向大众销售?我要不要组建法人公司?我要不要打广告?我要不要从朋友或者家人那里借钱?我要不要用掉自己所有的积蓄?记住，一旦你开始有员工或者客户依赖于你，决策的过程只会随着时间的推移愈加复杂。你所做出的决策可能会直接导致成功或者失败，因此你必须对自己做出正确决策的能力充满信心才行。
4. Am I willing to take on numerous responsibilities? 我愿意承担多方面的责任吗?
While a corporate employee focuses on a special skill or role within the larger corporation，a business owner must contribute everything to the business. Solo entrepreneurs in particular must be versatile and play a number of roles，from chief salesperson and bookkeeper to head marketer and bill collector. If juggling many roles doesn't suit you，entrepreneurship probably won't，either. The recent economic downturn has made it more important than ever for business owners to have a good working knowledge of their companies' finances. While you will undoubtedly learn much on this topic from getting your hands dirty，the more knowledge you have in advance，the better prepared you'll be.
虽然企业的员工往往会关注一种特殊的技能或者角色，但是企业主必须为企业尽其所能。尤其是单打独斗的创业者必须是多面手，发挥多种作用，从销售、会计，到市场营销、收款，他要无所不能。如果在许多角色之间不断转换不适合你的话，创业可能也不会适合你。最近的经济衰退更使企业主深谙企业财务变得无比重要。虽然你无疑将会从实践中不断学习财务知识，但是你提前知道的越多，你就越有准备。.
5. Will I be able to avoid burnout? 我能够避免身心透支吗?
Working seven days a week，losing touch with friends，abandoning old hobbies and interests and not making time for loved ones can quickly lead to burnout in the midst of starting up— and ultimately to business failure. That's what happened to James Zimbardi，an entrepreneur in Orlando，Florida，who says he didn't know any better when he started his first company in 1997 and worked as hard as possible，for as long as possible，until his creativity，enthusiasm and energy were sapped. By 2002，he was a broken man— the business took a downturn，and so did his personal life. Now Zimbardi is at work on his second company，Allgen Financial Services，and sticking to better habits to maintain work/life balance，such as not working on Sundays，making time for hobbies such as sailing and salsa dancing，and building close ties with other business owners through a faith-based support network.
一周七天整日忙于工作，与朋友失去联系，放弃原来的爱好和兴趣，无法为自己所爱的人抽出时间，这些都可能会很快导致创业过程中的身心透支──并且最终导致企业破产。这正是佛罗里达州奥兰多的创业者詹姆斯辛巴迪(James Zimbardi)的经历。辛巴迪说，他在1997年成立自己第一家公司的时候懵懵懂懂，只会拼命努力工作，废寝忘食，直到他的创造力、热情和精力消失殆尽。到2002年的时候，他已经是一个散了架的人──企业陷入了低迷期，而他的个人生活也遭遇了挫折。如今，辛巴迪正在组建他的第二家公司Allgen Financial Services，这次他坚持保持良好的习惯维持工作、生活平衡，比如说周日不工作，为帆船和风情拉丁舞等爱好留出时间，通过一个宗教信仰支持网络与其他企业主建立密切的关系等等。
Take some time to mull over these questions，do some soul-searching，and then if you think you have what it takes，go for it.
花点时间想想这些问题，不妨进行深刻的自我反省。如果你还是认为自己具备创业所需的条件，那么就放手去干吧。
托福阅读背景材料之如何经营品牌声誉
In February, Google found itself in an unusual position: out of step with its customers. When the company launched Buzz, its social networking service, it faced a barrage of criticism from users who objected to the way it had automatically enrolled users of Gmail, its e-mail service, into the new offering. Their gripe was that it would make their private contacts public. Google was stung by the uproar but put it down to a mistake made in good faith and quickly made Buzz optional.
2月，谷歌(Google)发现自己陷入了一个不同寻常的境地：与客户步调不合。公司推出社交网络服务Buzz时，遭到用户的猛烈批评，他们反对谷歌将电子邮件Gmail的用户自动注册为新服务的用户，抱怨这会公开自己的私密联系人。这场骚乱对谷歌造成了打击，但公司将此归为无心之失，并迅速把Buzz变成可选服务。
For a company that ranked second in a recent survey by Fortune magazine of the world's most admired companies, getting it so wrong with users was uncomfortable. It also begged the question of how a company known for being so intuitively connected to consumers could get it so wrong.
在《财富》(Fortune)杂志近期的世界最受尊敬公司调查中，谷歌排名第二。对这样一家公司来说，对用户的了解错到如此地步是令人不安的。这也提出了一个问题：一家以与消费者心有灵犀而出名的公司怎么会犯错呢?
Google had established its reputation on the back of the functionality and ease of use of its search engine, a stream of popular innovations and a declared commitment to free access to information and the democratisation of the internet. Estimates vary wildly, but in 2009 one research agency, Millward Brown Optimor, valued the Google brand at 0bn.
谷歌的声誉依赖于搜索引擎的功能性和易用性、接连不断广受欢迎的创新、以及对自由获取信息和网络民主化的公开推崇。市场对谷歌品牌价值的估算相去甚远，但2009年，研究机构Millward Brown Optimor对它的估值为1000亿美元。
But, even before the furore over Buzz, there were signs of cracks in the edifice. Google's reputation took a beating over its decision to enter the Chinese market, where it initially agreed to government demands to censor search results, only to recant and redirect users to a non-censored site in January based in Hong Kong. Observers wondered if the decision to enter China in the first place had compromised Google's founding values, summed up in its unofficial motto: "Don't be evil."
然而，甚至在Buzz事件引发众怒之前，谷歌大厦便已出现了裂痕。进军中国市场的决定给谷歌的声誉造成了冲击——谷歌最初接受了中国政府对搜索结果进行审查的要求，但在今年1月被迫放弃，并将用户重新链接至香港的站点(最近为了申请延长其在中国的ICP牌照，谷歌不再把中国内地用户自动转往其香港站点——编者注)。观察人士怀疑最初进军中国的决定是否损害了谷歌的创始价值观：用其非官方的座右铭总结就是“不做恶”。
Google, of course, is not the only brand to have seen its reputation suffer recently. The public image of Goldman Sachs, the investment bank, has suffered in the wake of the credit crunch with a famous article in Rolling Stone magazine describing the organisation as a "great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity". BPis widely perceived to have compounded the damage done to its image by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico through a poor public relations and crisis management strategy in its aftermath.
当然，谷歌不是最近声名受损的惟一品牌。信贷危机爆发后，投资银行高盛(Goldman Sachs)的公众形象也受到了损害，《滚石》(Rolling Stone)杂志上一篇著名的文章将该公司描述为“缠绕在人性面孔上的巨大吸血乌贼”。而外界广泛认为，英国石油(BP)事后不力的公共关系和危机管理战略，进一步加重了墨西哥湾原油泄漏事件对其形象的损害。
What affects reputations in turn affects brands. It is too soon to say how badly the Goldman Sachs and BP brands will be affected but it seems certain that they will be. And what all of these examples highlight is how hard it is to manage reputations.
影响声誉的事情反过来也会影响到品牌。要判断高盛和英国石油的品牌会受到多么严重的冲击，现在还为时过早，但冲击似乎已不可避免。这些例子都突显出管理声誉有多么困难。
Rohit Deshpandé, professor of marketing at Harvard Business School, says the pressures to grow mean that some businesses, and start-ups in particular, forget to adapt their strategies as they become bigger. "When you are growing, your focus is on growing rapidly and you tend to be opportunistic about growth," he says. "You are not thinking about the vision and strategy. You are doing everything, so you have no time to sit back and think about things."
哈佛商学院(HBS)营销学教授罗希特?德什潘德(Rohit Deshpandé)表示，增长的压力会让部分企业(尤其是初创企业)在发展壮大时忘记调整自己的战略。“在发展阶段，你的关注重点是迅速成长，对于发展往往抱着机会主义心态，”他说。“你没有考虑到愿景和战略。你什么事都要做，所以没有时间坐下来想事情。”
In other cases, companies lose sight of the core values that define their brand. "Brands are attitudes and perceptions in customers' minds," says Patrick Barwise, a professor of marketing at London Business School and chairman of Which?, the consumer organisation. Successful reputations, he says, are built on customer experience. Those companies that have built strong global brands, such as Apple and Procter & Gamble, have done so by first creating a strong customer promise and then delivering on that promise consistently.
在其他一些案例中，企业忘记了诠释其品牌的核心价值观。“品牌就是顾客心目中的态度和认知，”伦敦商学院(LBS)营销学教授、消费者组织Which的主席帕特里克?巴韦斯(Patrick Barwise)表示。他说，成功的声誉建立在顾客的体验上。打造了知名国际品牌的公司，如苹果(Apple)和宝洁(P&G)，都是先对顾客做出强有力的承诺，接着不间断地履行这个承诺，才取得成功。
Other companies start out well and then lose their way. Café chain Starbucks was a very powerful and successful brand in North America, in part because it became very good at delivering what customers wanted. But somewhere along the way, says Prof Deshpandé, hubris set in. "It was so focused on growth by opening new stores that it lost touch with its core customers," he says. As a result in some markets, such as the UK, Starbucks has seen its image and reputation decline.
还有一些企业开头不错，但后来迷失了方向。连锁咖啡店星巴克(Starbucks)曾是北美地区一个非常强大和成功的品牌，部分原因就在于它非常善于满足客户需求。但在发展过程中，德什潘德表示，傲慢不知不觉地滋生了。“它过于重视发展壮大，不断开设新店，以至于失去了与核心顾客的联系，”他表示。结果在英国等部分市场，星巴克的形象和声誉都直线下落。
Prof Deshpandé adds that most companies make a big mistake by relegating brand management issues to the marketing department.
德什潘德补充表示，大多数公司都犯了个大错：把品牌管理事务托付给了营销部门。
Martin Roll, chief executive of brand consultancy VentureRepublic, agrees. Many companies, he says, think of brands only in terms of advertising and positioning. "Most companies do not put brands at the heart of their strategy," he says.
品牌咨询公司VentureRepublic首席执行官马丁?罗尔(Martin Roll)对此表示赞同。他说，许多公司只是从广告和定位的角度去考虑品牌。“大多数公司没有把品牌作为战略的核心。”
Another challenge for companies is how to manage their reputations as their operations become more global. It was easier for Google, for example, to adhere to its motto when it operated in open markets such as the US and western Europe but in a more controlled economy, such as China, this proved more tricky.
企业面临的另一个挑战是，在业务进一步全球化之时，如何管理品牌声誉。例如，当谷歌在美国和西欧等开放市场里经营时，要坚守自己的信条会比较容易，但在中国这样管控更加严格的经济体，问题就会更加棘手。
A similar difficulty is faced by Asian companies as they try to grow outside their home markets. The Tata group, for example, is India's biggest and most valuable brand but the country's own brand image is weak in the west. Apart from IT services, India is considered by many to be a source of low-cost, low-quality goods and services. How can Tata transcend that image? One option is to follow the example of Sony and create a global brand that is not country-specific.
当亚洲企业试图在本土市场以外发展时，也面临类似的难题。比如，塔塔集团(Tata)是印度最大、最有价值的品牌，但在西方，这个国家自身的品牌形象很弱。除了IT服务之外，许多人都将印度视为廉价低质商品和服务的来源。塔塔如何才能超越这种形象?选择之一是效仿索尼(Sony)，打造一个没有国别色彩的全球化品牌。
托福阅读背景知识之那些越吃心情越好的食物
The saying “you are what you eat” may have some merit when it comes to your mood. Many people fail to realize that a majority of the chemicals that regulate our moods actually come from the nutrients in the food we eat.
有句话怎么说来着，“吃什么可以决定心情”，要想改善心情，食物可以帮大忙。很多人都没有意识到我们食物中富含很多营养化学物质，这些都对提升心情有好处哦。
If your mood is not what you'd like it to be, stock up on foods that will give you a much-needed boost.
如果心情不是很好，那就吃点会让你开心的食物来个好心情大爆发吧。
Cold Water Fish 冷水性鱼类
A deficit in omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the efficiency or movement of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which can throw your mood off balance.
缺乏ω-3脂肪酸会降低诸如神经递质5-羟色胺的分泌，这将会使情绪失衡。
Cold water fish like salmon, tuna or sardines can put you back on track and offer an easy snacking source to boost your mood and satisfy your appetite.
像大马哈鱼、金枪鱼以及沙丁鱼这类的冷水性鱼类可以让你回到正轨，可当零食来吃，既能改善心情，还能大饱口福哦。
Nuts 坚果
Nuts are another great source of omega-3 fatty acids. This option works especially well for vegetarians.
坚果也是富含ω-3脂肪酸的食物之一。这可是素食主义者的最好选择哦。
Spruce up oatmeal with a variety of walnuts, pecans and almonds or experience the mood-boosting benefits of nuts with a peanut butter snack bar when you’re in a rush and a little flustered.
在燕麦里加点核桃、胡桃和杏仁，或是在忙碌疲惫时吃根花生酱能量棒享受一下坚果带来的好心情吧。
Spinach 菠菜
Adding folic acid to your diet can increase the serotonin levels in your brain and calm your mood at the same time. Cooked spinach is a good source of folic acid.
在饮食中添加点叶酸可以提高大脑中血清素水平，同时能放松心情，而煮熟的菠菜里富含叶酸。
When your mood is low, fix yourself a salad of spinach, lima beans and chopped root vegetables to boost your spirits and your folate intake.
情绪低落时，不如吃个菠菜、青豆和切碎的蔬菜根沙拉吧，这样可以改善心情，同时保证叶酸摄入哦。
Whole Grains 全谷类
Get a daily dose of selenium by incorporating more whole grains into your diet. A lack of selenium can make you anxious, irritable, hostile and depressed.
饮食里加点粗粮能补充每日所需的硒，缺硒会让你焦虑易怒，敌对且压抑。
Opt for whole-grain breads and cereals to start your day off on the right foot and in the best state of mind.
选择全谷类面包或谷类能保证你每天心情舒畅哦。
High-Protein Foods 高蛋白食物
Fill your daily diet with high-protein foods such as oats, bananas, dried dates and low-fat dairy products to jump start your new attitude. These snacking sources provide the best sources for tryptophan.
每日餐饮中加入燕麦、香蕉、干枣等高蛋白低脂肪食物能让你心情大好，这些小吃可都富含色氨酸哦。
Tryptophan plays an important role in regulating mood, and decreasing tryptophan can lead to increased aggression. It is not produced by our body naturally, so it’s critical that we get it from our diet.”
色氨酸在调节情绪上起着至关重要的作用，缺乏色氨酸会导致负面情绪增加。由于我们人体无法自然分泌出色氨酸，所以不妨在饮食里有意识的摄入一点吧。
Fresh Fruits and Veggies 新鲜水果和蔬菜
Eating healthy tastes good and helps you feel better. Toss out those sugar-packed treats and stock up on fresh fruits and veggies.
饮食健康不仅是一种享受同时还能改善心情。别再吃那些添加大量糖分的零食啦，选择新鲜的水果和蔬菜吧。
Sugar spikes and drops your blood sugar, leaving you feeling cranky and moody. Changing your diet can be difficult, but you have to be able to tolerate temptations.”
糖分会使血糖峰值下降，让你变得暴躁和喜怒无常。改变饮食的确十分困难，但是你必须能抵挡诱惑。
Fiber-Rich Foods 高纤维食物
Kormeili recommends attacking that bad mood with fiber. Foods rich in soluble fiber, such as barley, apples, oranges, sweet potatoes, carrots and beans can drastically boost your mood and spruce up your good cheer.
认为想要对抗坏情绪，不妨试试纤维吧。那些富含可溶性纤维的食物，如大麦、苹果、橙子、甜土豆、胡萝卜和大豆可以大大提升你的情绪哦。
They slow down the absorption of sugar in your blood and therefore potentially lessen blood sugar and mood swings.
这些会减缓血液中对糖分的吸收，从而降低血糖，防止情绪波动。
Pumpkin Seeds 南瓜籽
You don’t have to wait for the fall season to break out the pumpkin seeds. High in tryptophan and zinc, pumpkin seeds are calming and offer a great snack to help balance blood sugar during any season.
其实你不用等到秋天来收集南瓜籽啦。由于富含色氨酸和锌，南瓜籽是绝好的零食，可以在任何时候平衡血糖哦。
Spice up the seeds and your taste buds by baking them with sea salt, turmeric, ginger and pepper.
要想有滋味点，不如试试干炒，外加海盐、姜黄、生姜和胡椒。
Eggs 鸡蛋
Start your day off with a homemade breakfast that will boost your mood and your energy level. Eggs have amino acids for making feel-good chemicals like serotonin. They are great for breakfast and getting a good start to the day to prevent blood sugar swings.
早起吃一顿爱心早餐能提升心情和能量哦。鸡蛋富含让人心情好的化学物质氨基酸，如血清素。早餐吃鸡蛋是绝好的选择，开启美好的新一天，还能防止血糖浮动。
So whip up an omelet, boil an egg for a midday snack or scramble eggs with your favorite veggies and feel the mood-boosting effects.
所以无论是煎鸡蛋，煮鸡蛋，中午吃或是和喜欢的蔬菜配在一起，都能让你觉得心情大好。
Vitamin C Sources 富含维他命C食物
Mild to moderate deficiency of vitamin C may be associated with increased nervousness and anxiety. Boost your immunity, protect against toxins and improve your mood by adding more oranges, bell peppers, potatoes, broccoli, kale and leafy greens to your diet.
轻度及中度缺乏维生素C会增加紧张和焦虑。想要提高免疫力，抗毒，提高心情，就多吃点诸如橘子、灯笼椒、土豆、西兰花、羽衣甘蓝这样的食物。
Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale and chard contain plenty of calming magnesium as well as good amounts of the B vitamins.
深绿色叶子的蔬菜，比如菠菜、甘蓝和甜菜富含镁以及大量的维生素B。
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