新托福阅读加试:玛雅文明的衰落

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新托福阅读加试: 玛雅文明的衰落

托福阅读考试日期：

2017年11月25日

新托福阅读题目回忆：

大致内容

历史： 玛雅文明的衰落，玛雅文明之前很发达，梯田灌溉很集中导致很脆弱，玛雅不是短期内灭亡的而是长时间灭亡的，有段时间很干旱。

题目难度分析

加试 简单

托福技巧：托福阅读否定排除题答题步骤及方法

否定排除题(Negative Factual Information Questions)是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-2个左右。

问题形式

这种题型要求考生们根据文章明确陈述的信息，确定哪些信息是真实的，哪些信息是不真实的或者是原文所没有提及的。

这种题目的提问方式通常为：

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT

等等(题目中要么出现大写的NOT，要么出现大写的EXCEPT)

解题步骤

1. 看题目，判断题型

2. 读选项，划关键词(提高速度，先不直接回原文定位)

3. 读题干，带着关键词在文章中定位相关信息

4. 读原文相关信息并选出答案。

注意：

1. 此种题型要求考生回顾更多的原文信息，因为三个在原文曾被提及的选项可能分布在一个段落或几个段落里。

2. 此题型的正确选项为：not mentioned in the passage

or

not true according to the passage

3. 解答完题目后，考生要检查自己的答案，以确保正确回答了这道题目。

下面通过几个例子来示范这种题目的答题步骤及方法。

The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT

○ soil erosion

○ global warming

○ insufficient irrigation

○ the raising of livestock

解析：首先本题题干中出现标志性词“EXCEPT”，因此我们断定此题为否定排除题;接下来读选项，而选项中均为词组，这些词组即为关键词;在原文定位，我们可以在第二段中定位到“Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water…”，因此，第一个选项排除;继续定位，在文章第四段我们可以定位到“In some regions, the increase in desert is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years.”在第七段我们可以定位到“The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where gases…”在第九段我们可以定位到“The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation.”因此，第二选项和第四选项我们都可以排除掉，而第三选项和原文中内容相反，也就是“not true according to the passage”，因此答案为第三选项。此题中被原文中提及的选项分布在几个段落里。

The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison’s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. it was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents(or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films(or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).

According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT

○ One individual at a time viewed a film

○ Customers could view one film after another.

○ Prizefights were the most popular subjects for film.

○ Each film was short.

解析：首先本题题干中出现标志性词“EXCEPT”，因此我们断定此题为否定排除题;接下来读选项划关键词，第一个选项信息都比较关键，第二个选项我们可以划关键词为“one film after another”，第三个选项我们可以划关键词为“Prizefights”和“most popular subject”，第四个选项我们可以划关键词为“short”;在文章中定位，我们可以定位到信息“only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time”和“customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films(or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight)”，根据原文信息，我们可以排除第一个、第二个和第四个选项，而第三个选项文章中未提及，也就是“not mentioned in the passage”，因此答案即为第三个选项。

The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experience with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s

○ moral values

○ previous experiences with aggression

○ instinct to avoid aggression

○ beliefs about other people’s intensions

解析：首先本题题干中出现标志性词“EXCEPT”，因此我们断定此题为否定排除题;接下来读选项划关键词，而选项中均为词组，这些词组即为关键词;在原文定位，我们可以定位到信息“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values”和“…their experience with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives”，根据文章中提及的信息，我们可以排除第一个、第二个和第四个选项，而第三个选项文章中未提及，也就是“not mentioned in the passage”，因此答案即为第三个选项。

托福技巧：托福阅读大范围考察题的“玄机”

托福阅读考试出题，很多时候都会针对某个具体的段落，但是也不乏有很多题目需要纵观全文或者是范围比较广，这样题做起来就费时费力还不一定会准确。

新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A. They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B. They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

C. Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D. Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。

经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。

上面针对托福阅读题型中大范围考察题型的解法，已经给大家做了分析，希望对考生有所启示。要做好题就要多思考和总结，希望考生们要认真对待，好好备考，加油!

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