托福阅读的词汇总量大概需要多少
托福阅读词汇的掌握对于很多人来说,都是一件比较有困难也是一个比较有争议的事情。大多数在托福备考时都认为,托福阅读的词汇当然是多多益善,能有一些专业词汇当然是最好。也会有小部分人认为,对于托福阅读来说,也许是六级的托福词汇量就可以了。那么,究竟孰对孰错呢?我们就细细研究一下吧。
托福阅读的词汇总量大概需要多少
托福阅读需要六级以上词汇量
在托福阅读中有着这样的一种题型——词汇题,它的特点是:你认识这个单词就肯定能做对,而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断,耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果,所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上说,每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀),可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了,就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数,还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇,也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见,单词的水平要达到6级以上,这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。
词汇量提高阅读速度
对于中国考生,托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用,读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章,而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假,但绝非很难很专的词汇。
托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的,原因是这样:托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识,因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的,而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。
专业词汇难度有限
托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的,因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试,又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现,但根本不是考察的内容,而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。举个例子:It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals,这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词,你只要认识了whales,dolphins,mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物,而且是哺乳动物,这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal,whale,dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇,而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型,把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。
托福阅读出题点的总结介绍
托福阅读出题点(1) 时间和数字(number)。
一般来说,出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored),因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon),考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question),一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词,二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form),考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字,以便于之后做题时的查询。
托福阅读出题点(2) 主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)。
TOEFL文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。
托福阅读出题点(3) 人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)。
这些概念在文章中出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign),非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,当提到这几个具体的概念时(concept),文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion),因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
托福阅读出题点(4) 举例主体。有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。
实际上(in fact),TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略(omit)。
托福阅读出题点(5) 新概念和局部核心概念。
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance),意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to),因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)。
托福阅读出题点(6) 重要的逻辑关系(relation)。
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect),这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读练习:笑有利于健康
Laughter is good for the heart because it prolongs life while depression increases the risk of an early death, according to two new studies.
据两份最新研究表明,大笑有益心脏健康,能延年益寿; 相反,忧郁增加早死的危险。
A good bout of laughter every day provides similar cardiovascular benefits as exercise because it stimulates the blood flow, said Michael Miller, who headed one research team at the University of Maryland.
其中一项研究的负责人、美国马里兰大学的迈克尔?米勒表示,坚持每天开怀大笑,能促进血液流动,像锻炼身体一样,提高心血管健康。
On the other hand, depression -- or the lack of laughter -- is often linked to unhealthy habits such as smoking and drug addiction and increases the risk of death by 44 percent, said Wein Jiang, who led a study of 1,000 heart patients for the University of North Carolina.
另一方面,北卡罗莱纳大学的Wein Jiang负责的另一项研究,研究了1000个心脏病患者则表明,沮丧或者少笑常常与不健康习惯联系在一起。比如,吸烟,吸毒等。同时,死亡的危险增加44%。
Miller said laughter produced a "magnitude of change ... in the endothelium ... similar to the benefit we might see with aerobic activity, but without the aches, pains and muscle tension associated with exercise"
Miller称笑会在心内膜内引起很大的变化,其功效类似于我们进行的有氧运动,而且避免了因为锻炼而疼痛或肌肉紧张等不良影响。
While laughter should not replace exercise, he said, "We do recommend that you try to laugh on a regular basis. Thirty minutes of exercise three times a week, and 15 minutes of laughter on a daily basis is probably good for the vascular system."
他还表示,笑并不能代替锻炼。我们强烈建议每天都笑笑。一周坚持三次半小时以上的运动,每天笑15分钟,这样会对人们的脉管体统大有裨益。”
Notes:
cardiovascular [,kɑ:di u'v skjul ] adj. 心血管的
endothelium [,end u'θi:li m] n. 内皮;内覆组织
aerobic activity: 有氧运动
托福阅读练习:驯服噩梦
In the new movie, 'Inception,' a master thief is able to infiltrate peoples' dreams and steal their subconscious secrets -- even plant a dream idea they'll think is their own.As fantastical as that seems, an evolving area of sleep research holds that it is possible for people to direct their own dreams, in a limited way.For example, people who suffer from recurring nightmares can learn to substitute happier endings. Practitioners of lucid dreaming -- who train themselves to be aware that they are dreaming -- say they can try out fantasies like flying.
在新电影《盗梦空间》(Inception)中,大盗能够潜入人们的梦中,偷走他们潜意识中的秘密──甚至还能植入梦的构思,让人们以为那是自己的梦。正如它所展现的奇妙想象一样,一个发展之中的睡眠研究领域认为,人们可以有限地指挥自己的梦。例如,反复做噩梦的人可以学会用更快乐的梦境结局取而代之。清醒梦境的实践者──训练自己意识到在做什么梦的人──说,他们可以在梦中尝试像飞行这样的幻想。
Ordering up a dream about a nagging personal problem is difficult, but possible, says Robert Stickgold, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. 'As you go to bed tonight, really think about some of those emotional issues that you haven't wanted to deal with. You've got about a 10% to 20% shot.'
哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的精神病学副教授罗伯特 斯蒂克戈尔德(Robert Stickgold)说,控制关于烦人的个人问题的梦很难,但却是可能的。“如果你今晚上床时考虑过某些你不想处理的感情问题,那么你梦到这些问题的几率约为10%至20%。”
That fits with the current understanding of what dreams are and why we have them. Once thought to represent repressed sexual urges, or simply neurons firing randomly, dreams are now believed to be mash-ups created by the unconscious mind as it processes, sorts and stores emotions from the day.'We take our problems to sleep and we work through them during the night,' says Rosalind Cartwright, an emeritus professor of at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, who has spent nearly 50 years studying sleep and dreams.
这与目前人们对梦是什么以及我们为何会做梦的理解相符。人们曾经认为梦表示被压抑的性冲动,或只是随机的神经元放电,但现在人们认为,梦是由潜意识处理、分类和储存白天的情感时产生的混合产物。“我们带着问题入睡,在夜里处理这些问题,”位于芝加哥的拉什大学医学中心(Rush University Medical Center)的神经学荣誉退休教授罗莎琳德 卡特赖特(Rosalind Cartwright)说。她曾花了近50年的时间研究睡眠和梦。
Her new book, 'The Twenty-Four Hour Mind,' explains that the mind latches onto some thread of unfinished emotional business from the day. Then, in REM sleep (the rapid eye movement period when most dreaming occurs), it calls up bits of older memories that are somehow related, and melds them together. 'That's why dreams look so peculiar. You have old memories and new memories Scotch-plaided into each other,' she says. 'They are emotional connections rather than logical ones.'
她的新书《24小时思维》(The Twenty-Four Hour Mind)解释说,思想依附于某些白天未完成的情感事务的线索。然后,在快速眼动睡眠(多数梦产生时的快速眼球运动时期)中,它将唤起一些有关系的旧记忆,并将其糅合起来。“这就是为什么梦看来如此奇特。你的旧记忆和新记忆相互交织着”,她说。“这种联系是情感联系,而不是逻辑联系。”
Usually, people work through the most negative emotions first, and their dreams become more positive as the night goes on. (How do researchers know that? 'The old-fashioned way. We wake them up and ask them,' Dr. Cartwright says.)But nightmares interrupt that process; people usually wake up before the frightening emotion is resolved, so the dream keeps repeating.
通常,人们首先解决最负面的情感,当夜渐深时,梦就会变得更积极。(研究人员是如何知道这个的?“最老套的方法。我们把他们叫醒,然后问他们,”卡特赖特说。)但是噩梦打断了这个过程;人们通常在恐惧情绪抒解之前醒来,因此梦一直重复。
'Your brain seems to think that it's helping you to prepare, but you don't allow yourself to finish it so it becomes a broken record,' says Shelby Freedman Harris, director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at Montefiore Medical Center in Bronx, N.Y.Dr. Harris's program is one of a small number around the country that helps nightmare sufferers and people with post-traumatic stress disorder learn to rewrite the script of their recurring dreams using a technique called Image Rehearsal Therapy.
“大脑似乎认为这有助于帮助你做好准备,但你不允许自己做完这个梦,因此它会反复出现,”位于纽约州布朗克斯(Bronx)的孟特菲尔医疗中心(Montefiore Medical Center)的行为睡眠医疗项目总监谢尔比 弗里德曼 哈里斯(Shelby Freedman Harris)说。哈里斯负责的项目是美国为数不多的项目之一,这些项目帮助噩梦患者和创伤后压力心理障碍症患者利用被称为“意象排演治疗”的方法去改变他们反复出现的梦境。
After recalling the nightmare in detail, the dreamer writes out the new script and envisions it several times a day. Dr. Harris says one of her patients had recurring nightmares of being surrounded by sharks. She imagined they were dolphins instead and rehearsed the scene during five sessions, and the nightmares vanished. A young patient having nightmares of being chased turned the pursuer into chocolate and ate him.
在回想起噩梦的细节后,做梦的人写出新的剧本,并在一天中想象几遍。哈里斯说,她的一个病人总是反复做被鲨鱼包围的噩梦。她想像它们是海豚而不是鲨鱼,并在五个疗程中排演这一幕,于是噩梦消失了。一位年轻病人做的噩梦是被人追逐,他把追他的人想象成巧克力,一口吃掉。
'It gives the patient control over the nightmare,' says Dr. Harris. Studies have found that after several sessions practicing with a therapist, some patients dream the new ending just as they envision it, some dream another version of it, and some stop having the nightmare altogether. Can you order up a dream on a specific topic, or can somebody else influence your dreams? Numerous experiments with so-called dream incubation have tried, with mixed results.
“这让病人可以控制噩梦,”哈里斯说。研究发现,由治疗师治疗数个疗程后,有些病人梦到了正如他们所想象的新结局,有些人做了另一个版本的梦,有些人则完全停止做噩梦。你能按意愿做一个特定主题的梦吗?或者,其他人能影响你的梦吗?人们尝试过无数所谓的梦境孵化实验,并得到了不同结论。
'I can control people's dreams. I can get them to dream about videogames by having them play intensely,' says Dr. Stickgold. His studies at Harvard found that when volunteers played the game Tetris for hours a day, 60% reported dreaming about it at least once as they were falling asleep.
“我能控制人们的梦。通过让他们密集地玩视频游戏,我就能使他们梦到视频游戏,”斯蒂克戈尔德说。他在哈佛进行的研究发现,当志愿者一天玩数小时俄罗斯方块时,60%的志愿者报告说他们在睡着时至少梦到过一次俄罗斯方块。
In a follow-up study with the virtual-skiing game Alpine Racer, 14 of 16 students reported seeing skiing images at sleep onset (as did three people who were merely observing the experiment.)
在一项用虚拟滑雪游戏《高山滑雪》(Alpine Racer)进行的后续研究中,16名学生中的14名报告说,他们在刚开始入睡时见到了滑雪的图像(3位只是观察了这个实验的人也是如此)。
It's unclear how far into the night's dreams those images persisted. Dr. Stickgold and colleagues are now repeating the study having subjects play 'Dance, Dance Revolution' and waking them later in the night to ask about their dreams.
至于这些图像在夜晚的梦中持续了多久,仍然不清楚。现在,斯蒂克戈尔德和他的同事重复了这一研究,他们让实验对象玩《劲舞革命》(Dance, Dance Revolution),然后在夜里叫醒他们,问他们关于梦的问题。
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