为了帮助大家备考托福。提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读大神支招高分技巧，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读大神支招高分技巧

说到阅读考试的准备，小编相信很多考生从接触英语考试开始，就开始接触阅读考试，可以说个个都是“阅读老司机”，但到了托福这里，毕竟是外国人出题，很多同学纷纷表示“城市套路深，好想回农村”，好尴尬……

加之阅读又是考托的第一项科目，征服了阅读就征服了考试，因为如果做好了，会开个好头，会更有信心的解决其他科目，而如果做的不好就会直接影响后面的答题情绪。

所以在分秒必争的备考阶段，如何才能更有效率的准备考试就成了关键。

要想更有针对性地准备考试，我们首先得找准自身的首要问题：

1. 是否能够准确认出所读单词，能够读出文章的大致语意。

2. 是否能看懂同义词或者同义转述，能够准确明白所读过的句子含义。

3. 是否能通过所读句子进行逻辑判断，分析，归纳等过程。

其实这3点问题，也是同学在准备托福阅读进阶的三个步骤。

词 汇：

说个大家都不愿意接受的事实，其实很多同学可能还一直在问题1里面挣扎徘徊，也就是说单词都还没有背完!

所以有必要提醒大家一下托福核心词汇量至少要达到 5000 左右的水平才能应付考试，而且是越多越好。但是要注意一点是背诵核心词汇，而不是一些很生僻的词比如说各种表示_学科的单词。

句 子：

如果词汇量搞定了，那么想要更好的对句子进行理解和把握，就需要我们在平时练习的过程中有目的的强化快速去掉句子修饰成分，直达主干的能力。

并且像动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词以及逻辑关系要特别留意。

还有就是托福阅读里面一些常见的特殊句式，比如，省略，倒装，强调，插入等，这些都是需要同学们在练习过程中能够快速准确识别的重要信息。

文 章：

到最后也是最关键的一步也就是对文章整体进行把握。

这点就需要同学们在练习的过程中多积累什么地方可以快速阅读，什么地方又需要仔细阅读。因为考试的时候一定是快慢结合着读，突出重点的读，这才是理想的状态。

那么，到底怎样才能每次都读到重点呢?

通常而言，带转折的句子，带归纳字眼的句子，带概括动词的句子，设问的句子，这些都是我们需要重点关注的对象，因为它们往往内含重点。

一旦从文章的细节到整体都有一个清晰的把握之后，我们就更能够掌握文章侧重点，把握出题规律。

不过这个过程并不是一蹴而就的事情，所以建议大家还是要从分析文章入手，由词汇句子的总结归纳一直到对整篇文章框架的全面把握，这其中只少要包含分析10篇左右的TPO(应选靠后TPO)，这个阶段完成后你的收获一定是显而易见。

相信大家在做好这3点之后，能够由小及大把握好文章，那么高分自然水到渠成!

托福阅读材料练习：国外旅游需给小费

“小费”在很多国家都很普及，不过，在国内，大家一般都没有这个习惯。所以，一旦你出国旅游，可能就有必要提前预习一下在国外需给小费的行业了。

Hotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.

饭店的工作人员主要靠小费来增加他(她)们平时微薄的收入。不要对付给服务员小费感到愤愤不平，而应该把它看作是旅游消费的一部分，并应做好准备在进入饭店之前就随时掏出钞票。

Doormen

Depending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening the door for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it).

门卫

给门卫的小费数目取决于行李的多少，为你拿行李并把它递给行李员的门卫要付给1至2美元的小费。如果你没有行李，通常就不必为他们只为你开门这样简单的服务付费。当你带着行李准备离开饭店而门卫从行李员手中接过行李并帮你把它放入你的车子或出租车里时，你还应该付给他小费。当门卫为你叫了一辆出租车时，你应该付他1至3美元(如果他为了叫辆出租车而不得不在雨中站着时，你的小费应该给得更多些。)

Bellman

Tip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李员

一个行李包要付1美元的小费，但对于把行李送到客房的行李员要付给2元以上的小费。当行李员为你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你购物或把你需要的东西送到客房(但不属于客房服务范畴)等，他应该得到2至3美元的小费。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房间的女服务员

在一个较大、较豪华的饭店，清理房间的女服务员每人每天应得到2美元的小费;档次次之的饭店的服务员每人每天可得1美元小费。你可以亲自给她们小费，也可以把钱装在信封里封好，上面写明"送给清理房间的服务员"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务员

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务费用被加到你的帐单中，因此如果在你外出的时候衣服被放在房间内你就无需付小费。如果服务员在送衣服时，你在房间内，可以为他们的送衣服务付1美元，如果衣服较多就应付更多的小费。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐厅服务员

付给饭店餐厅服务员的小费数目与其他餐馆服务员所得小费的数目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪华、档次最高的餐厅小费要高达18-20%。如果你入住的饭店是餐费已包含于总帐单的美式饭店，小费还是15-18%，且要直接付给那位从头至尾一直服侍你的服务员。如果一个家庭或一行四人要在此饭店住一星期的话，他们付出的小费从10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的时间更长或人数更多的情况下，小费要达到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福阅读材料练习：澳洲杀人松果

传说澳大利亚是一个危机四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海滩里潜伏着蜇人的水母和吃人的鲨鱼。倘若说动物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亚松果也能杀人!开始看题目，我觉得这不是扯淡吗?北京的松果大了去了也就半个拳头大，就算美国大松塔也就是一个拳头左右，可是看了澳大利亚的松塔，我彻底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福阅读材料练习：天生天养孩子更健康

目前，婴幼儿食品的安全问题再度引起全社会的关注，怎样抚养婴儿也成了大家共同关心的问题，专家给出的建议是：天生天养孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

许多专家建议人们凭常识办事。“我们不会对孩子们说：‘好，去肮脏的河边玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以这样讲，小孩子玩泥巴没什么大不了的，他们不必生活在完全干净的环境中，也不会因为吃掉到地上的　东西就死掉。这样说不定会使他们更健康。”

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古国一个家庭小农场里，一只大公鸡在小小的巴亚尔的床边来回踱步，一只山羊过来喝他的洗澡水，周围的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

与此形成鲜明对比的是，玛丽出生在高楼林立的科技之城东京，海蒂的父母将其视为掌上明珠，在旧金山过着“绿色”的生活方式，两个孩子都享受着便捷的现代生活和干净的卫生环境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

数据显示，玛丽和海蒂的身体更健康。在纳米比亚，每1000个孩子中约有42个在过五岁生日前夭折，蒙古为41个;而在美国和日本，这一数字仅为8个和4个。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不过，城市里的宝宝虽然生活条件优越，但与欠发达国家农村地区的宝宝相比，患上某些疾病的风险更高，包括过敏症、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多发性硬化和炎症性肠病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

现在，有一项研究认为，也许有一种方法可以拉近两个世界的距离，让彼此取长补短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说” (hygiene hypothesis)理论，孩子在成长早期如果接触多种病毒、细菌和寄生虫，将有利于其免疫系统的发展，似乎这样能促进大脑对其做出更好的防御准备。反之，如果缺乏这类早期接触，免疫系统就可能出现紊乱，做出过激反应，如对食物、花粉和宠物毛屑过敏等，或者引发人体机理问题，出现自身免疫失调。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

数百万年以来，许多微生物与人类形成一种共生共栖的关系，就像我们的“老朋友”一样;如果我们将某种微生物连根拔除，就等于错过了人体进化历程中的一个关键环节。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“绝大多数微生物都是无害的，只有几十种微生物会引发致命感染。”美国西北大学人体生物研究实验室主任麦克·戴德说道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但脏水和动物排泄物也潜藏着其他一些危险。英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》2010年五月中旬发表的一篇分析报告称，在2008年全球880万5岁前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常见的是肺炎、痢疾和疟疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科学家仍在寻找办法把好的微生物与坏的微生物区分开来，在此过程中，他们有了几点深入发现。研究表明，从小和家庭宠物一起长大的孩子患过敏症和哮喘病的几率较低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美国疾病控制与预防中心医疗质量改进部副主任及感染病专家贝尔说，人们应该警惕伤口感染，因为一旦病毒侵入血液，就会造成各种问题。他还是提倡人们勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手。”贝尔说。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不过，他和其他一些专家表示，在大多数情况下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要适用于医疗工作者以及医院场所内，因为医院里的致病微生物较多，而且容易传播开来。

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to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李员

一个行李包要付1美元的小费，但对于把行李送到客房的行李员要付给2元以上的小费。当行李员为你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你购物或把你需要的东西送到客房(但不属于客房服务范畴)等，他应该得到2至3美元的小费。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped

为了帮助大家备考托福。提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读大神支招高分技巧，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读大神支招高分技巧

说到阅读考试的准备，小编相信很多考生从接触英语考试开始，就开始接触阅读考试，可以说个个都是“阅读老司机”，但到了托福这里，毕竟是外国人出题，很多同学纷纷表示“城市套路深，好想回农村”，好尴尬……

加之阅读又是考托的第一项科目，征服了阅读就征服了考试，因为如果做好了，会开个好头，会更有信心的解决其他科目，而如果做的不好就会直接影响后面的答题情绪。

所以在分秒必争的备考阶段，如何才能更有效率的准备考试就成了关键。

要想更有针对性地准备考试，我们首先得找准自身的首要问题：

1. 是否能够准确认出所读单词，能够读出文章的大致语意。

2. 是否能看懂同义词或者同义转述，能够准确明白所读过的句子含义。

3. 是否能通过所读句子进行逻辑判断，分析，归纳等过程。

其实这3点问题，也是同学在准备托福阅读进阶的三个步骤。

词 汇：

说个大家都不愿意接受的事实，其实很多同学可能还一直在问题1里面挣扎徘徊，也就是说单词都还没有背完!

所以有必要提醒大家一下托福核心词汇量至少要达到 5000 左右的水平才能应付考试，而且是越多越好。但是要注意一点是背诵核心词汇，而不是一些很生僻的词比如说各种表示_学科的单词。

句 子：

如果词汇量搞定了，那么想要更好的对句子进行理解和把握，就需要我们在平时练习的过程中有目的的强化快速去掉句子修饰成分，直达主干的能力。

并且像动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词以及逻辑关系要特别留意。

还有就是托福阅读里面一些常见的特殊句式，比如，省略，倒装，强调，插入等，这些都是需要同学们在练习过程中能够快速准确识别的重要信息。

文 章：

到最后也是最关键的一步也就是对文章整体进行把握。

这点就需要同学们在练习的过程中多积累什么地方可以快速阅读，什么地方又需要仔细阅读。因为考试的时候一定是快慢结合着读，突出重点的读，这才是理想的状态。

那么，到底怎样才能每次都读到重点呢?

通常而言，带转折的句子，带归纳字眼的句子，带概括动词的句子，设问的句子，这些都是我们需要重点关注的对象，因为它们往往内含重点。

一旦从文章的细节到整体都有一个清晰的把握之后，我们就更能够掌握文章侧重点，把握出题规律。

不过这个过程并不是一蹴而就的事情，所以建议大家还是要从分析文章入手，由词汇句子的总结归纳一直到对整篇文章框架的全面把握，这其中只少要包含分析10篇左右的TPO(应选靠后TPO)，这个阶段完成后你的收获一定是显而易见。

相信大家在做好这3点之后，能够由小及大把握好文章，那么高分自然水到渠成!

托福阅读材料练习：国外旅游需给小费

“小费”在很多国家都很普及，不过，在国内，大家一般都没有这个习惯。所以，一旦你出国旅游，可能就有必要提前预习一下在国外需给小费的行业了。

Hotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.

饭店的工作人员主要靠小费来增加他(她)们平时微薄的收入。不要对付给服务员小费感到愤愤不平，而应该把它看作是旅游消费的一部分，并应做好准备在进入饭店之前就随时掏出钞票。

Doormen

Depending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening the door for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it).

门卫

给门卫的小费数目取决于行李的多少，为你拿行李并把它递给行李员的门卫要付给1至2美元的小费。如果你没有行李，通常就不必为他们只为你开门这样简单的服务付费。当你带着行李准备离开饭店而门卫从行李员手中接过行李并帮你把它放入你的车子或出租车里时，你还应该付给他小费。当门卫为你叫了一辆出租车时，你应该付他1至3美元(如果他为了叫辆出租车而不得不在雨中站着时，你的小费应该给得更多些。)

Bellman

Tip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李员

一个行李包要付1美元的小费，但对于把行李送到客房的行李员要付给2元以上的小费。当行李员为你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你购物或把你需要的东西送到客房(但不属于客房服务范畴)等，他应该得到2至3美元的小费。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房间的女服务员

在一个较大、较豪华的饭店，清理房间的女服务员每人每天应得到2美元的小费;档次次之的饭店的服务员每人每天可得1美元小费。你可以亲自给她们小费，也可以把钱装在信封里封好，上面写明"送给清理房间的服务员"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务员

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务费用被加到你的帐单中，因此如果在你外出的时候衣服被放在房间内你就无需付小费。如果服务员在送衣服时，你在房间内，可以为他们的送衣服务付1美元，如果衣服较多就应付更多的小费。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐厅服务员

付给饭店餐厅服务员的小费数目与其他餐馆服务员所得小费的数目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪华、档次最高的餐厅小费要高达18-20%。如果你入住的饭店是餐费已包含于总帐单的美式饭店，小费还是15-18%，且要直接付给那位从头至尾一直服侍你的服务员。如果一个家庭或一行四人要在此饭店住一星期的话，他们付出的小费从10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的时间更长或人数更多的情况下，小费要达到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福阅读材料练习：澳洲杀人松果

传说澳大利亚是一个危机四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海滩里潜伏着蜇人的水母和吃人的鲨鱼。倘若说动物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亚松果也能杀人!开始看题目，我觉得这不是扯淡吗?北京的松果大了去了也就半个拳头大，就算美国大松塔也就是一个拳头左右，可是看了澳大利亚的松塔，我彻底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福阅读材料练习：天生天养孩子更健康

目前，婴幼儿食品的安全问题再度引起全社会的关注，怎样抚养婴儿也成了大家共同关心的问题，专家给出的建议是：天生天养孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

许多专家建议人们凭常识办事。“我们不会对孩子们说：‘好，去肮脏的河边玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以这样讲，小孩子玩泥巴没什么大不了的，他们不必生活在完全干净的环境中，也不会因为吃掉到地上的　东西就死掉。这样说不定会使他们更健康。”

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古国一个家庭小农场里，一只大公鸡在小小的巴亚尔的床边来回踱步，一只山羊过来喝他的洗澡水，周围的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

与此形成鲜明对比的是，玛丽出生在高楼林立的科技之城东京，海蒂的父母将其视为掌上明珠，在旧金山过着“绿色”的生活方式，两个孩子都享受着便捷的现代生活和干净的卫生环境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

数据显示，玛丽和海蒂的身体更健康。在纳米比亚，每1000个孩子中约有42个在过五岁生日前夭折，蒙古为41个;而在美国和日本，这一数字仅为8个和4个。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不过，城市里的宝宝虽然生活条件优越，但与欠发达国家农村地区的宝宝相比，患上某些疾病的风险更高，包括过敏症、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多发性硬化和炎症性肠病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

现在，有一项研究认为，也许有一种方法可以拉近两个世界的距离，让彼此取长补短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说” (hygiene hypothesis)理论，孩子在成长早期如果接触多种病毒、细菌和寄生虫，将有利于其免疫系统的发展，似乎这样能促进大脑对其做出更好的防御准备。反之，如果缺乏这类早期接触，免疫系统就可能出现紊乱，做出过激反应，如对食物、花粉和宠物毛屑过敏等，或者引发人体机理问题，出现自身免疫失调。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

数百万年以来，许多微生物与人类形成一种共生共栖的关系，就像我们的“老朋友”一样;如果我们将某种微生物连根拔除，就等于错过了人体进化历程中的一个关键环节。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“绝大多数微生物都是无害的，只有几十种微生物会引发致命感染。”美国西北大学人体生物研究实验室主任麦克·戴德说道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但脏水和动物排泄物也潜藏着其他一些危险。英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》2010年五月中旬发表的一篇分析报告称，在2008年全球880万5岁前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常见的是肺炎、痢疾和疟疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科学家仍在寻找办法把好的微生物与坏的微生物区分开来，在此过程中，他们有了几点深入发现。研究表明，从小和家庭宠物一起长大的孩子患过敏症和哮喘病的几率较低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美国疾病控制与预防中心医疗质量改进部副主任及感染病专家贝尔说，人们应该警惕伤口感染，因为一旦病毒侵入血液，就会造成各种问题。他还是提倡人们勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手。”贝尔说。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不过，他和其他一些专家表示，在大多数情况下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要适用于医疗工作者以及医院场所内，因为医院里的致病微生物较多，而且容易传播开来。

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per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房间的女服务员

在一个较大、较豪华的饭店，清理房间的女服务员每人每天应得到2美元的小费;档次次之的饭店的服务员每人每天可得1美元小费。你可以亲自给她们小费，也可以把钱装在信封里封好，上面写明"送给清理房间的服务员"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务员

清洗、熨烫衣服的服务费用被加到你的帐单中，因此如果在你外出的时候衣服被放在房间内你就无需付小费。如果服务员在送衣服时，你在房间内，可以为他们的送衣服务付1美元，如果衣服较多就应付更多的小费。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐厅服务员

付给饭店餐厅服务员的小费数目与其他餐馆服务员所得小费的数目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪华、档次最高的餐厅小费要高达18-20%。如果你入住的饭店是餐费已包含于总帐单的美式饭店，小费还是15-18%，且要直接付给那位从头至尾一直服侍你的服务员。如果一个家庭或一行四人要在此饭店住一星期的话，他们付出的小费从10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的时间更长或人数更多的情况下，小费要达到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福阅读材料练习：澳洲杀人松果

传说澳大利亚是一个危机四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海滩里潜伏着蜇人的水母和吃人的鲨鱼。倘若说动物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亚松果也能杀人!开始看题目，我觉得这不是扯淡吗?北京的松果大了去了也就半个拳头大，就算美国大松塔也就是一个拳头左右，可是看了澳大利亚的松塔，我彻底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福阅读材料练习：天生天养孩子更健康

目前，婴幼儿食品的安全问题再度引起全社会的关注，怎样抚养婴儿也成了大家共同关心的问题，专家给出的建议是：天生天养孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

许多专家建议人们凭常识办事。“我们不会对孩子们说：‘好，去肮脏的河边玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以这样讲，小孩子玩泥巴没什么大不了的，他们不必生活在完全干净的环境中，也不会因为吃掉到地上的　东西就死掉。这样说不定会使他们更健康。”

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古国一个家庭小农场里，一只大公鸡在小小的巴亚尔的床边来回踱步，一只山羊过来喝他的洗澡水，周围的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

与此形成鲜明对比的是，玛丽出生在高楼林立的科技之城东京，海蒂的父母将其视为掌上明珠，在旧金山过着“绿色”的生活方式，两个孩子都享受着便捷的现代生活和干净的卫生环境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

数据显示，玛丽和海蒂的身体更健康。在纳米比亚，每1000个孩子中约有42个在过五岁生日前夭折，蒙古为41个;而在美国和日本，这一数字仅为8个和4个。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不过，城市里的宝宝虽然生活条件优越，但与欠发达国家农村地区的宝宝相比，患上某些疾病的风险更高，包括过敏症、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多发性硬化和炎症性肠病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

现在，有一项研究认为，也许有一种方法可以拉近两个世界的距离，让彼此取长补短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说” (hygiene hypothesis)理论，孩子在成长早期如果接触多种病毒、细菌和寄生虫，将有利于其免疫系统的发展，似乎这样能促进大脑对其做出更好的防御准备。反之，如果缺乏这类早期接触，免疫系统就可能出现紊乱，做出过激反应，如对食物、花粉和宠物毛屑过敏等，或者引发人体机理问题，出现自身免疫失调。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

数百万年以来，许多微生物与人类形成一种共生共栖的关系，就像我们的“老朋友”一样;如果我们将某种微生物连根拔除，就等于错过了人体进化历程中的一个关键环节。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“绝大多数微生物都是无害的，只有几十种微生物会引发致命感染。”美国西北大学人体生物研究实验室主任麦克·戴德说道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但脏水和动物排泄物也潜藏着其他一些危险。英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》2010年五月中旬发表的一篇分析报告称，在2008年全球880万5岁前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常见的是肺炎、痢疾和疟疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科学家仍在寻找办法把好的微生物与坏的微生物区分开来，在此过程中，他们有了几点深入发现。研究表明，从小和家庭宠物一起长大的孩子患过敏症和哮喘病的几率较低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美国疾病控制与预防中心医疗质量改进部副主任及感染病专家贝尔说，人们应该警惕伤口感染，因为一旦病毒侵入血液，就会造成各种问题。他还是提倡人们勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手。”贝尔说。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不过，他和其他一些专家表示，在大多数情况下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要适用于医疗工作者以及医院场所内，因为医院里的致病微生物较多，而且容易传播开来。

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