托福阅读的必备技巧：精读与泛读
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，学习啦为大家带来托福阅读的必备技巧：精读与泛读，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注学习啦!
托福阅读的必备技巧：精读与泛读
单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要学员自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在文章中理解使用单词。
句子：同中文的一句一句短小的句子不同，英文中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。
段落：托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章，在学习中，会应用到TS+D和TS+D的变形方式的做题方法。具体TS+D是什么，应该怎么用，在这里，姜老师给我们留了一个悬念，“关于TS+D会在托福强化班的课程中讲到，想要知道怎么用来上强化班就知道啦。”
篇章：像托福的题型之一--小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。
有的学生会觉得托福阅读的题量很大，时间不够用，做不完题。“其实这是因为学生在做题的时候没有做到详略得当。把握好精读和泛读的区别，找准需要精读的地方，做起题来会又快又准。”
托福阅读材料：Groundwater
Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sedimentladen river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them. Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
2. The word “ incredible ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Confusing
○Comforting
○Unbelievable
○Interesting
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
3. The word “out of sight” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Far away
○Hidden
○Partly visible
○Discovered
4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
○Inside pieces of sand and gravel
○On top of beds of rock
○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
○In spaces between pieces of sediment
5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to
○Fast rivers
○Glaciers
○The huge volumes of water created by glacial melting
○The particles carried in water from melting glaciers.
Paragraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
○A mountain valley
○Flat land
○A lake floor
○The seafloor
Paragraph 4: In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Cover
○Change
○Separate
○Surround
Paragraph 5: So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
8. The phrase “so much for” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○That is enough about
○Now let us turn to
○Of greater concern are
○This is related to
9. The word “plugged” in the passage is closet in meaning to
○Washed
○Dragged
○Filled up
○Soaked through
Paragraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
○It is unusually solid
○It often has high porosity.
○It has a low proportion of empty space.
○It is highly permeable.
11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?
○To explain why water can flow through rock
○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock
○To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable
○To distinguish between two related properties of rock
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█
13. Look at the four squares [ █ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.
○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.
○The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.
○Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.
○Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
○Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.
参考答案
1. ○ 3
2. ○ 3
3. ○ 2
4. ○ 4
5. ○ 4
6. ○ 1
7. ○ 1
8. ○ 1
9. ○ 3
10. ○ 2
11. ○ 4
12. ○ 1
13. ○ 4
14. ○1 2 3
托福阅读材料：为何失恋后很难再爱
失恋是每个人都不愿意接受的事实，如果失恋后能很快投入下一段感情或许能让人迅速恢复。但这似乎并非易事。
It may be better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all, but why is it so hard to find again? It may be that our brains are fixated on our former lovers, according to scientists.
或许曾经拥有总好过从未爱过，但为什么许多人在失恋后却很难再爱一次?科学家最新的研究结果表明，这可能是人的大脑被一种叫做多巴胺的“痴情毒药”锁定在旧情人的身上。
Researchers at Florida State University examined the nature of love by studying the brains and behaviour of male prairie voles, picked for their habit of lifelong monogamy and aggression towards other females once they have found a mate.
据《卫报 》12月6日报道，美国佛罗里达州大学的研究人员通过研究雄性田鼠的大脑和行为来探索人类爱情的本质。和人一样，田鼠属于终生单配偶动物(即一夫一妻制)，且一旦有了配偶后就本能地对其它异性产生排斥。
The scientists found that males became devoted to females only after they had mated. The bond coincided with a huge release of the feelgood chemical dopamine inside their brains.
研究人员发现，雄性田鼠有了配偶后就会专注于对方，而有了配偶的田鼠开始大量分泌一种叫做多巴胺的化学物质(人脑也会分泌该物质)。负责此项研究的布兰登·阿拉戈纳博士证实，多巴胺就是让雄性田鼠痴情的“毒药”。
Brandon Aragona, who led the study, demonstrated that dopamine was the voles' love drug by injecting the chemical into the brains of males who had not yet had sex with female companions. Immediately, they lost interest in other females and spent all of their time with their chosen one. Further experiments showed that dopamine restructured a part of the vole's brain called the nucleus accumbens, a region that many animals have, including humans. The change was so drastic that when paired-up males were introduced to new females, although their brains still produced dopamine on sight, the chemical was channelled into a different neural circuit that made them go cold towards the new female.
当尚未与雌鼠发生性关系的雄鼠的大脑被注入多巴胺后，这些雄鼠很快就失去了对其它异性的兴趣，而只是专注于自己心仪的雌鼠上。进一步实验表明，多巴胺改变了田鼠大脑中核团区域(大脑核团区域的功能是维持情绪和目的性行为，人也有)的结构。当已有配偶的雄鼠被介绍给新的雌鼠时，尽管此时雄鼠的脑中还在继续分泌多巴胺，但多巴胺会被导入另一个完全不同的神经中枢系统，使得雄鼠对新的雌鼠毫无兴趣。
"It seems that the first time they get together and the bond forms, it locks them into that monogamous behaviour ... You can take a female away from a male once he's formed a bond with her and two weeks later put him with a different female and he won't be remotely interested," said Dr Aragona, whose study appears in the journal Nature Neuroscience.
阿拉戈纳博士指出：“研究发现，雄鼠与雌鼠一旦结合在一起，它们就成为了单配偶动物。若将雄鼠与配偶分开，两周后再让它与新的雌鼠接触，你会发现它对新的对象根本提不起兴趣。”
The researchers said that while the love lives of voles differ from those of humans, the same brain structures work in much the same ways across different species. "Things are always going to be more complicated in humans because we have larger brains and are under different pressures, but the basic mechanisms are there", said Dr Aragona.
研究人员指出，尽管人的情感与田鼠的还有很大差别，但在不同的物种之间，相同的大脑结构也会有相似的运作方式。阿拉戈纳博士说：“人类的情感会更加复杂，因为人脑体积更大且所处的环境也更复杂，但人脑与田鼠大脑基本的运作方式是相同的。”
Notes:
dopamine:多巴胺
the nucleus accumbens：大脑中的阿肯柏氏核
托福阅读的必备技巧：精读与泛读相关文章：
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托福阅读的必备技巧：精读与泛读
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