老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE16
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老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 16
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word "literally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word "They" in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably "not skillful fliers" (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word "classified" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was apowerful dinosaur.
正确答案：DBBCA DCDCDA
托福阅读的实用技巧整理
首先，无论什么技巧都必须要有基本的单词量做基础。没人喜欢背单词，但是只有有足够的单词量才能应对托福阅读中的各种层出不穷的问题。用的是谁的单词书其实没有多大分别，你只要认认真真的把一本单词书背个70%，那也就差不多了，托福阅读的主要考察对象不是单词，只是透过单词来表达一种意思，只要你能猜出来这种意思并且在这个基础上把题答对，那么，对少单词都不是问题。
其次，对于难句长句的理解。还是要明白大意就好，但是要能够根据大意准确定位找到答案。大家可以专门找些难句和长句来进行有针对性的练习。把那些句子反复读，反复看，看上十几遍，觉得很通顺、觉得句子写得很好自己以后也要这么写了才算好。速度慢不是问题，但是坚持下来，大家对难句和长句的理解能力就好冥想提高。
再次，大家在专门练习托福阅读题的时候，还是多看看OG，OG是非常有指向性的，而且那上面说的一些小技巧还是不错的。Delta上的题目要难一些，主要是有一些题目需要考生进行引申、做一些文学上的理解，当然这些在托福中是不会出现的。所以做题的时候不要想得太复杂，第一感觉是什么就选什么，很有效。
托福阅读词汇的积累练习
mores 风俗，习惯
submit 屈从;提交;主张，认为
backfire 产生反效果;逆火
speculate 推测;思索;投机(venture)
wield 行使(权利);挥舞(宝剑)
recreation 再创造; 消遣，娱乐
peer 同等人，同辈人;凝视
project 预测;凸出;投掷，发射;计划
mitigate减轻，缓和
negate 否认
familial 家庭的
vain 无用的，虚荣的
vein 面纱; 掩饰
bound n. 范围 v. 跳跃;以…为界;bind的过去式和过去分词
be bound to do 必定，一定
rationale 基本原理，论据
launch 开始，发动;发射
supplant = in place of 代替
retain 保留
status quo 现状
downplay 低估，贬低
radical 词根，激进分子; 根本的;激进的
conviction 信念;定罪
credit 功劳，声望，信任
appeal to 求助于
gloss 掩饰;使有光泽
explain away 搪塞，把…解释过去
complementary 补充的
complimentary 称赞的，问候的
indefensible 站不住脚的
misgiving 疑虑
dissent 异议，不同意
dispense with 免除
exempt 免除
shun 避开
identity 身份，本体; 同一性，完全相同;特性
sustain 维持; 遭受; 忍耐
contend 主张，声称;争论 (n. contention)
object n. 物体 v.反对 (objection n.反对)
objective n. 目标; adj.客观的
dispose 处理，处置;安排，使用
except that 只是，只可惜;除了
fanciful 幻想的，想象中的
apprehend 领会，理解; 逮捕; 忧虑
whereupon 于是，因此
administer 实施;给与;服用(药);管理
formulate 明确地表达
champion v. 拥护; n. 冠军
posit 断定，假定
advance 使前进，推进; 促进，加速; 提出，倡导
primacy n. 首位，首要 (adj. primary)
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