托福阅读时间分配及阅读步骤
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托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤
托福阅读包含3篇阅读，每篇阅读的时间为20分钟。建议是每篇文章，无论难易，都用17分钟做完，剩下的9分钟一律补充到较难的文章中去。如何补充呢?大家可以在做题的过程中一边做题一边将难题记录下来，最后的9分钟用来检查或者重做这些难题。
托福阅读这些部分应该详读
刚才建议大家一篇文章用17分钟做完，这个时间包含了全文阅读的时间和做题的时间，比较合理的安排是3-4分钟用来阅读，剩下的时间用来做题。3-4分钟是无法将整篇文章逐字逐句地进行阅读的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要详读，有些部分要略读。而不管详略，主要的目的是为了读出文章的结构和讨论的主要内容。下面讲讲详读的具体步骤。
1 读标题
文章的标题能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的标题后对全文的结构可以进行一个预测。比如说Applied Arts and Fine Arts，这个标题很明显是对比类型的标题，文章中应该会有两个讨论对象，而且是分类进行阐述的。
2 读主题句
有一个很好的技巧就是直接从最后一题中寻找线索，因为最后一道往往是文章小结题或者填表题，最后一题能很快帮助你锁定文章讨论的对象甚至结构。然后还可以从文章的首位句群中寻找主题句，记住，是句群而不是段落。因为有的主题句并不在第一段，具体的寻找方法在课内可以跟学员们分享。
3 读段落的首位句群
我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。
托福阅读可以略读的部分一览
为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。
1.重复与进一步解释的内容;
2.完全相反的情形;
3.具体的原理和过程;
4.目的已知的例子和引入;
5.重心在后面，前面略读。
提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图
在进行完前面两步后，对于文章的结构和主要内容都会有比较好的把握，笔者建议学生可以在平时的练习中将文章的逻辑结构画出来，经过这样的练习，阅读的理解能力肯定会有提升。
托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock
【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.
【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.
【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.
【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.
【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.
【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.
1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?
A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.
B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.
C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.
D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.
2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.
B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.
C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.
D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.
3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?
A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.
4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.actual.
B.important.
C.official.
D.effective.
5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer to
A.water clocks.
B.the sun.
C.mechanical clocks.
D.the church.
6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to
A.rare.
B.small.
C.impractical.
D.basic.
7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?
A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.
B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.
C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.
D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.
8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.required.
B.expected by the majority of people.
C.standardized.
D.put in place.
9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers
A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.
B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.
C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.
D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.
10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.
A.How did early mechanical clocks work?
B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?
C.How were mechanical clocks made?
D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?
11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to
A.leaders.
B.opponents.
C.employers.
D.guardians.
12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?
A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.
B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.
C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.
D.It led to a focus on productivity.
13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.
Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.
A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.
B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.
C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.
D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.
E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.
F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.
托福阅读答案
1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northern Europe不能用。
2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholic church的prayers活动。
3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说to waken monk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。
4.authoritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的time keeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。
5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。
6.rudimentary是基础的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。
7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not coming over，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。
8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。
9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。 A符合原文。
10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。 ACD原文都没提到。
11.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。
12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximize product per unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。
13.原句中no longer反应宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对现在的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，满足这两个条件的位置是C。
14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock."正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到说有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还说只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，说应用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被弃用了，但sun clock依然留下用来对照mechanical clock的准确性，错，不选。
托福阅读译文
【1】在欧洲，在机械表被引入以前，人们利用太阳(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水钟来确定时间。当然，太阳钟只能用于晴天使用，而水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。这两种仪器在晴天都运行的很好，但北欧，太阳可能会藏在云后长达一周，同时，温度不仅会随季节中变化，也因昼夜而不同。
【2】中世纪欧洲使得可靠的时间变得更重要。天主教堂每天有七次的祷告，有一个是在晚上，它要求设定闹钟以便在破晓前叫醒布道师。另外新的城市和小镇，由于其空间的限制，他们必须要知道并且安排时间去组织集体活动和分配空间。他们设定时间睡觉。所有这些用老的仪器都是可以一致的，只要只有一个权威的时间记录者。但是随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，时间错乱导致了不和与争吵。社会需要一个更加可靠的工具去衡量时间，这个仪器就是机械钟表。
【3】我们并不知道是谁发明了这个机器，或者在哪。它好像是出现在意大利或是英国(也许是同时发明的)在1275年到1300之间。一旦被人们所知，它就快速传播并替代了水钟表，但日晷依然存在，用来对照这个新仪器与原来的计时法。早期的版本很原始，不准确且易坏。
【4】讽刺的是，新仪器有破坏天主教堂权威性的倾向。虽然几世纪以来，尽管城市瓦解，罗马没落，但教堂仪式一直保持着对时间记录的兴趣，教堂时间是自然的时间。白天和黑夜被分为均等的部分，所以除去昼夜平分点，白天和黑夜时间是不均等的;当然因此，这些时间的长度也随着季节变化。但是，机械时钟时间间隔相等，这意味着新的时间计算法。天主教会进行反抗，将近一个世纪都不肯转化到新的时间。但一开始，城镇都接受了均等时间作为他们的标准，并且安装公共的时钟在城镇大楼和市场变成了新的世俗市政权威的标志。每个城镇都想要一个;胜利者视它们为珍贵的战利品，在游人去神圣古迹朝圣的路上，他们专程去看并听这些钟表。
【5】钟表是中世纪机械精巧装置的最大成就。它的正确性的可以通过简单地可观察日出日落等常见现象来证明。这样的结果是对技术和设计进步的残酷的压力。在每个阶段，制表人引领者准确与精度，他们成为了微型化的大师，错误的探测器和校正者，更新更好的搜寻者。因此他们是机械工程的先驱，是工程学其它分支的典范和老师。
【6】钟表带来了秩序和控制，既有集体的也有个人的。它的公开展示和私人拥有铺设了短期自治的基础：人们现在可以不用根据上层的命令来调整去留。钟表也为集体活动提供了时间提示，同时使个人能够安排他们自己的工作，以加强生产力。事实上，生产力的准确概念是时钟的副产物，一旦一个人可以将其表现用统一的时间单位衡量，那么工作就永远都不会一样了。人们从农民以任务为导向的工作方式(在时间和光线条件允许的情况下，一件工作接着一件的干)和家奴以时间为导向的工作方式(总有事情做)中转变到了将单位时间的生产量达到最大化的努力中。
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