托福写作经典结构——5段式结构
托福写作考试中，逻辑结构十分的重要。从众多的高分做文里大家也可以看出，高分作文的结构都是5段式，俗称5段式总分总的结构。那么这种结构是什么样子呢?下面就跟小编一起来学习一下吧。
托福写作经典结构——5段式结构
常用iBT文章结构-适用于comparison & contrast essay和argument essay.
不论是comparison & contrast essay还是argument essay，它们的文章结构基本相同。分为3大部分和5段结构(Point-by-Point Format), 也许有人喜欢4段(即Block Format),但就初来乍到者，我还是建议他们使用Point-by-Point Format, 并且依据我老师的经验(Jeff)来看，北美人更加喜欢这种结构(其实因为这些老外每天都要批阅几十篇文章，他们已经不阅读文章的内容，仅仅是审查文章的结构和词汇，他们没有时间去对比Block Format结构中的问题或者论点)，这令我很吃惊，这与国内老师的意见相驳或者相反。
这篇经验我想用一个例子(Coffee and tea)来向大家解释，有可能我的例子不是很好，或者论点有些可笑，不过我想大家还是要记住，老外已经在iBT中说明，他们不关心你的论点(Issue/Top Sentences) 和论据(Details/Evidence)是否合情合理，只关心你的论据(Details/Evidence)是否可以证明你的论点，仅此而已。大家在稍后的文章中可以看到，我的3个论点中的2个比较controversial, 但是，在我的Detail中支持的好就可以了。
首先，谈一谈5段式结构和Body Paragraph的结构：
Introduction Paragraph：Say what you are going to say.
这个我想不用我多说了，就是文章的“引子”，你的文章是否有高分，这个很重要。这样的句子不要出现，例如：In my essay, I will demonstrate…。下面的句子Jeff称之为Ok Sentence,即可以出现的句子，例如：Tea is the best drink in the world. 或者可以使用五星级的句子，例如：Although Coke is becoming more popular, it can not replace China's love of tea.
Background / Definition: 重新描述问题，但是不要使用老外给你的题目原话，这里我可以说，如果你使用了原话，不会对你的文章产生任何不好的影响，只是你不会在这里拿到应该得到的分数而已。你可以写成为 Tea is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Thesis: 中心句，如果文章不是argument essay，请不要直接在句子中表达自己的意见或者用一种General的形式来表达大家的意见, 例如：Tea is the world's favorite drink because it provides health benefits, it is less expensive, and it is available in many varieties.
Forecasting: 见关键词解释。Because后面的3个简单句就是Forecasting。
Body Paragraph I:
Top Sentence: First，Tea is healthier to drink. (OK-Sentence)Jeff推荐的句子Drank by million of people, tea is… (分词开头-ed)，再如：Improving your health, tea is drank…(动名词开头-ing)，又如：For thousands of years, tea is…(General 开头)
Detail: 这个不用多说了，就是要把你的例子举出来了。For example, people who drink tea, live longer, healthier lives than these who drink coffee.
Befriend:这个是重点了，要把拳头收回来。例如：Although coffee is good for your health, it cause heart attacks in large amounts.
Support:这个时候需要你利用你事实作为拳头伸出去，例如：In fact, heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death, so tea is a better drink according to doctor's suggestion.
Concluding Sentence:最后要简单扼要的总结一下，你在这段的论点和论据，其原理就像是简易书架，你只有两边都有支撑的面，你的书才不会向没有支撑面的那边倒去。可能有些朋友认为这个比较麻烦或者多余，不过我还是建议大家要包含这个部分，例如：To sum up, tea is healthier in several ways compared to coffee.
Body Paragraph II: 结构如上述，我就不多说了。
Body Paragraph III: 同上。
Conclusion Paragraph: 关于Conclusion我还是要多说两句，通常老外喜欢用Conclusion作为整篇文章的结尾用词，而用to sum up等作为段落的总结。例如：Despite the fact that coffee consumption is increasing, it will never be as beneficial as tea. Tea is less expensive, comes in more varieties, and is healthier. In conclusion, tea will remain the best drink until humans invent something better.
顺便提及一下，有的朋友会问，是否可以变化一下Body Paragraph的结构，我的建议是不要变化，不信的话，您可以自己尝试一下把你的文章重新排一下，您就会知道这里面的区别了。
再谈一下comparison & contrast essay 和argument essay的区别：
在我看来，它们之间的区别有两点。第一点，作者的视角不同。何谓视角不同?即当你写argument essay的时候，你需要在Introduction Paragraph中的Thesis中表达作者支持哪一方面。第二点，对比方面在文章中所占的份额，即如果你在写comparison & contrast essay时，比例为40%(一方面的优点)和60%(另一方面的优点和缺点)，虽然是comparison & contrast essay, 但是我想作为作者，你怎么也要表达一下自己的意见或者意图，让读者明白你是虽然在作两件事物的比较，但是还是有你的偏好在里面(喜欢Reading的朋友会有这种体会)。在写argument essay 时，比例为10%(敌对方的缺点)和90%(支持方的优点针对敌方缺点和无伤大雅的支持方缺点)。
最后谈一下在我们写作是要注意的问题。
1. 要多使用连接词来转换读者的视角和给出你自己的例子。不要让读者自己通过文章内容来转换视角，这样的文章不适用于考试，而适用于你自己的写作中或者长篇论文中。
2. 通常，我都是在写开头的时候，顺便把文章的结尾一并写好，因为文章开头和结尾的结构相似。可以节省时间。
3. 一定要花时间来检查文章中的词汇是否正确以及必要的时候要用更好的句型来优化你的写作。有很多朋友觉得时间不够，所以不检查自己的文章，我想既然你用键盘输入你的文章，就一定有错误的时候，况且那个时候比较紧张。我作为视计算机为自己一部分的人，每次给客户，朋友和同事回信的时候，我都要检查一下。以免让人家笑话或者引起争议。
名师解答托福写作那些疑惑
Q1： 托福独立写作是否中间一定要写三段?
不是的。不要用段落的数量去衡量一篇文章是否好。而是看你能否用你自己的论据去清楚合理地论证文章主旨。 每一段展开一定要言之有物，切不可泛泛而谈，讲空洞的大道理。每个点展开都应该是specific, not general; concrete, not abstract. 也就是说要给出有效的细节或者例子。官方指南P335 的满分范文，也就两个支持段。所以段落的多少和文章是否拿到高分没有必然关系。分论点不是越多越好，而是每一个分论点能够讲的越清楚越详细越好。单纯的罗列的分论点是拿不到高分的。
Q2： 独立独立写作字数是否越多越好?
在官方指南中有这么一句话
“An effective response is typically about 300 words long。 If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5。”也就是说官方指南中明确表明如果字数不达到300字不能合理的论证你的观点，就不能拿到一个比较理想的分数。在思路清晰，论证充实，且语法错误没有的情况下，字数肯定越多越好。但是很多同学会进入一个写作误区，一味的追求字数，把本来简单的意思非要复杂化，讲的特别啰嗦。这样的同学不仅不能拿到高分，反而还会影响考官的阅卷，觉得你的文章很罗嗦累赘。考官读起来也会很累。
Q3: 是否需要背诵好的模板句型?
相比较背诵好的句型，我更建议同学们准备好的话题素材。根据2016年一年的独立写作考题分析，常考的话题教育类，政府类，科学类话，领导、工作、交友等。同学们可以根据这些话题准备常用的短语表达，考试的时候才能言之有物。
Q4：托福独立写作是否用越高大上的词越好?
讲的越清楚越好，越贴合语境越好。越是高大上的词，通常都是低频词，也就是意味着他们所能搭配的语境是比较局限的，并不是所有的句子里面都能使用。 如果整篇文章都是比较基础的词汇，偶尔来几个特别难词，反而会破坏文章原来的一致性。而且考官评分的时候也不会你使用了三四个生僻词而给你高分，肯定是从文章整体的可读性来进行判断。在官方指南P287中有这么一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.
Q5： 托福写作是不是多写写就可以拿到高分?
很多时候学生觉得自己文章写了挺多的了，为什么好像分数一直上不去。 这是什么原因呢? 中国有一个成语叫‘闭门造车’。写作作为一个输出类的考试，每个同学一定要进行输入，去看别人写的好文章，并且有意识的总结和归纳。 如果有时间，最好能够进行仿写。写完之后将自己的文章和原文进行比对。如果一味的输出，不去找自己的问题，不去改进，也很难得到提升。现在所有的学生我都会让他们每天坚持仿写一段文章，大部分同学表示坚持半个月之后，会明显发现自己有话可说了，不会词穷了。
Q6： 平时练习好像感觉还可以，考试的时候分数比较差，这是为什么?
之前我也带过几个学生平时写的作文内容挺好的，讲的也很清楚，上课也很认真，但是考试的时候分数就一直在23以下上不去。在考试之后发现这一些同学，平时很少限时完成作业，给自己一个小时，有的甚至跟多的时间去慢慢构思。这是完全不可以的，实际上，这类同学一旦限时，很多问题都会暴露出来。因此，在临近考试前一定要计时训练，这样才能找到考试的感觉。
Q7: 名人的例子是不是一定比普通的例子要好?
都一样，问题的关键是你能否清楚地表明你为何要用这个例子，以及你自己对于这个例子的看法和分析。并不要求使用有名、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不会按照论据的复杂性来看文章。(当然如果你有独特的例子肯定是更好的，如果没有也不需要强求。)
Q8： 综合写作字数超了会有影响嘛?
不会。只要你回答的是准确切题的，就没有任何问题，是肯定不会扣分的。官方指南中明确说到：‘Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.’
综合写作对学生的听力要求比较高，所以同学们课下一定要好好练习听力，这样写作才能冲高分。有些同学听力写了一丢丢，但是阅读写了一大堆，不管你的字数超没超，综合写作分数都会很低。
Q9: 综合写作部分用模板会不会很俗?
这边和大家强调一遍： 一定要区分有效的模板和无效的模板。 无效的模板是指每一篇文章都能套用的，不假思索就能写的废话。比如the first reason I want to put forward at the very beginning should be considered as …..，还有一些同学强行记忆一些开头和结尾段的模板。这种不建议想在写作拿高分的同学去使用，因为毫无意义，特别啰嗦。(PS官方指南明确表明： Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs, just to add words to your essay.) 但是综合写作部分的模板，我们可以称之为答题的框架，可以让你的结构更加清楚，而且考官更容易踩点，所以使用是没有关系的。问题的关键是!!!你是否有skill去记录所有的听力内容，并且说明听力在哪个点上反驳阅读，这个才是重点。
老师说
学习是一个循序渐进的过程，希望每一位童鞋都能够踏踏实实，一步一个脚印，取得自己理想的分数哦。 No pains; no gains.
避免托福写作五大错误开头
一：中式英文人见人晕
典型失败案例：Topic 1-The happiest moment in your life
In our life， there are always some moments which make your heart flower opened angrily……
Topic 2- The population problem
The population problem is a very big problem。 For example， in the city centers of Shanghai， we can always see people mountain people sea there。
Topic3- Is there fairness in today’s business world?
I think in today’s society， there is no fairness in the business world。 For example， I always chopped when I go out buy things……
Topic 4- The advantage of being a nice person
Being a nice person have many advantage。 I believe if a people always do bad things， he will get “baoying”。
二：废话连篇不知所云
典型失败案例： Topic 1-Should college students be allowed to get married?
This topic is very interesting。 I’m very interested in talking about this topic。 Because I’m also a college student and I’m not married……
修改方案：开门见山 直奔主题
In my opinion， it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married。
Topic 2-Will modern technology， such as the Internet， ever replace the book or the writing word as the sole source of information?
Ok， this topic is a very good topic。 First， let me tell you a story： I have a friend， he likes go on the internet very much。 Every day， he uses internet to read news or play internet games。 So we can see the internet is more and more important in our daily life。
Topic 3-The importance of environmental protection
Oh， this topic is surely very important。 Isn’t it? Of course! It’s really very very important!
三：语法错误惨不忍睹
典型失败案例：Topic-If children behave badly， should their parents accept responsibility and also be punished?
About this problem， my think is if children behave badly， then parents are not right。 Because teach child is parent’s responsibility。 So we also punish parents too besides children is also should。
四：观点模糊态度暧昧
典型失败案例： Topic-Should college students be allowed to get married?
I think this topic is very hard to say。 Because I am still very little， only 17， and not married， so this topic is very difficult for me……
五：偏离主题无轨电车
典型失败案例：Topic-It is said that nowadays one can not acquire the qualifications and quality essential to success through university education。 To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?
I think to success， we must have a lot of important qualities。 To have these important qualities， we must learn a lot of things， for example， English， music tools， and etc。 We can learn these qualities from our teachers， our friends and from books。 All in all， we can learn from many places。
托福写作范文：应该接受家人还是政府的帮助
托福独立写作真题：
A/D: People can solve important problems in their daily life on their own or with the help from families; The help from the government is not necessary.
题目解析
题目大意：人们可以自己或通过家人的帮助来解决生活中的重大问题，所以政府的帮助是没有必要的。波波建议此题目选择不同意，即认为政府的帮助还是很有必要的，思考分论点的方向使用拆分，对题目中的抽象名词 important problems 拆分具体化为环境问题和教育问题，然后分别展开。
托福独立写作题目：
Some teachers are just lecturing(speaking) on the class and students only take notes; some other teachers make their class time on discussion and projection and students sharing their ideas with their classmates. Which one do you prefer?
2016年11月13日托福独立写作题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can solve important problems in daily life on their own or with the help from families, so the help from government is not necessary.
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考一:
2016年11月13日托福独立写作范文：
In a society that changes as amazingly as ours, the role played by government in our daily life has been brought under the spotlight of mass media. Consequently, the general public and sociologists are wondering whether people can solve important problems individually or with the governmental support. Towards such a long running tug-of-war, I am inclined to claim that the help from government is necessary in the process of resolving important problems, especially in the aspects of protecting environment and addressing the disparity of educational resources.
In the first instance, consider the environmental issues. As is common sense, the deteriorating natural environment is so severe and complicated that the solution of such a problem is far beyond the reach of any individuals or families. The serious air pollution in China is a good case in point. Despite the fact that people can take some actions such as wearing masks or taking the public transportation to relieve the haze occurring frequently in the major cities of China in some degree, the problem cannot be radically solved. To illustrate, the major cause responsible for the smoggy weather is nothing but the emission of waste gas such as dust and smog from an appalling number of heavy-pollution factories. In this case, it is the government that can get rid of the fundamental cause by shutting down these plants and enacting laws or regulations to restrict their production, which can’t be achieved by any individuals.
In the second instance, the same logic goes to the educational problems. As is known to all, many school-age children in rural and remote areas are not able to receive education in school due to the lack of educational resources. According to a survey conducted by the Education Ministry in China in 2015, approximately 3 million kids in the Southwest of China didn’t have the chance to get educated on account of lacking in tables, textbooks and even spacious classrooms. When confronted with the issue mentioned above, what individuals or families can do is quite limited. Undoubtedly, only the government has the adequate financial resources and power to allocate educational resources to those places. For example, the government of China builds nearly 10,000 primary schools called Hope School in the distant places, which alleviates the disparity in educational resources between different regions to a large extent.
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that although the ability of individual or families is becoming stronger and greater than before, the help from government is of great necessity in the course of solving significant problems, especially those in the areas of education and environment.
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