托福写作的7大原则要求
有些考生常常为了托福独立写作而苦恼，总是没有写作思路、抓不到重点或者字数写不够。怎么办呢?同学们要重视托福独立写作要求，进行详细的分析，然后制定备考计划，下面是小编整理的托福独立写作要求及七大原则介绍。
托福写作的7大原则及要求
打开《托福官方指南》，你会看到，ETS在“组织”上提到了三个关键词“Unity统一性，Progression渐进性, Coherence连贯性”。这是出题官方机构对托福独立写作文章架构上的全部要求。什么是统一性?就是说你找到的分论点和你通篇的总观点是一个方向的，不能一会同意，一会不同意。即分论点要指向总论点。同时，所有的论据都必须指向论点。第二个，渐进性，指的就是找到的论点必须要有层次性，不能写三段都是都在同一个层面说事情，而应该层层推进。最后一点，连贯性。指的是两部分，一个是形式上的，就是要适当运用一些连接词，把句子和句子或者段与段直接连接起来，这样看起来比较一气呵成。第二是内容上，也就是论证的时候，不管用什么论证方式，说理还是举例，还是说理+举例，都要有一条清晰连贯的逻辑线隐含在里面，让考官可以很顺畅的看完通篇。
下面是三立教育小编提供的托福独立写作考试的七大原则：
1. 审题，抓关键词，关键词多为名词和形容词，最重要的是一些限定词。全文都要围绕题目展开论述，紧紧扣题。
2. 文章结构最好为四段式，字数400字以上。
3. 理由段落结尾 进行段落点睛。
4. 理由段论证一定要体现严密的逻辑，思维不能跳跃。
5. 切忌大量模板，尤其在论证过程中出现大量繁琐的没有实质内容的模板句。
6. 学会发散思维，不要就事论事。
7. 短期与长期
短期(目标分24分以下)，靠思路/逻辑思维提分;长期(基础好，目标24分以上的)要修炼高级词汇&长难句。
托福写作中需要关注的六个答题点
1.据说，托福作文里不能用“you”，这是真的吗?
第二人称人称代词“you”在托福写作中不是一点不能用，但是也并不提倡使用。学术性文章里对语言风格的要求可能因人而异，按照严格的要求，人称代词(“personal pronouns”)是不应使用的，如“I, we, you, they”等等，不使用人称代词，你的文章看上去就十分的正式和客观。因此，如果你将来遇到的教授比较严格或保守的话，可能会要求你改掉所有有人称代词的句子。
托福写作相比于学术论文还是没有那么正式的，但是内容也是比较正式的，因此，第二人称代词“you”还是不用或尽量少用为好，人称和第三人称就都是可接受的了。如果你有常写“you”的习惯，不妨每次将它改为“we”、“people”或“one”。
语法要点：托福作文中尽量少用或不用第二人称代词(“you”、“your”、“yours”等)，改为第三人称或人称。
2.“amounts of”和“numbers of”的用法一样吗?
一个同学在作文里写了“amounts of people have the opportunity to work at home nowadays”这样的句子。也有很多同学写过“a great amount of historical buildings”或“the amount of printed books”这样的表达。他们往往将“amounts of”或“an amount of”当成了“a lot of”或“lots of”的替代表达。
“a lot of”或“lots of”一般来说的确不太适合用在书面表达中，但是它们修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，因此用不着多做考虑。然而，用“an amount of”或“amounts of”来修饰的名词，根据标准用法的要求，应该修饰物质名词(如water)或抽象名词(如pain)，也就是不可数的名词。因此，用它们来修饰“people”、“buildings”这样的可数名词是不正确的。那么，什么量词用来修饰可数名词呢?“a number of”或“numbers of”，如：“a large number of cars”。
语法要点：“an amount of”或“amounts of”用在不可数名词前面，而“a number of”或“numbers of”用在可数名词前面。其区别基本相当于“many”和“much”的区别。
3.“between”后面能接两个以上的事物或人物吗?
“between”和“among”有什么区别也是大家常问的一个问题。有这样的说法：“between”表示“两者之间”，后面应该接两个事物或人物;“among”表示“多者之间”，后面接三个及其以上的事物或人物。
事实上，在地道的英文文献中，“between”后面放n多个事物或人物也是常见到的。那么，“between”和“among”两个介词的意思区别在哪儿呢?“between”更为强调多个事物或人物中相互之间“一对一”的关系，如“the conflicts between the three kingdoms”，“among”则更有“群体感”，强调所有个体之间存在的东西，如“the feeling among the test takers”。
语法要点：尽管“between”常用来表示“在...两者之间”，它的后面也是可以接三个或更多的事物或人物的。
4.“such as”和“like”能彼此替代吗?
“such as”和“like”都是常用来完成举例的介词。它们之间是可以互相替换的，不管后面是一个例子还是多个例子。使用它们的时候，要在“such as”或“like”的前文写一个较大范围的概念(如cities)，然后“such as”和“like”后面写这个较大概念范围下的具体例子(如“Beijing and New York”)。我们既可以写“cities like Beijing and New York”，也可以写“cities such as Beijing and New York”，而且后者还可以变成“such cities as Beijing and New York”的样子。
语法要点：你可以将“such as”和“like”进行替换，不用担心后面所举例子的数量。
5.“people”能改写成“persons”吗?
如果本该写“people”的地方写成“persons”，会让英美国家的读者感到不舒服，如“Li Na’s story has inspired many persons”，就十分awkward，应该改成“Li Na’s story has inspired many people”。
传统语法有这样的说法：如说明特定人数时，用“persons”较合适，如“five persons”;如无特定人数，则“people”较好，如“many people”。不过，现在“people”前面加具体数字的做法已经被普遍接受了，如“five people”。倒是反过来“many persons”或“a large number of persons”看上去十分不合适。
语法要点：写作时不应用“persons”作为“people”的替换写法。“人们”写成“people”是合适的。
6.“so”和“so that”的意思是一样的吗?
经常看到同学们在要写“so”的地方写成“so that”，如：“Nowadays parents are extremely busy in their work so that they do not have enough time to communicate with their children”。这个句子如果按照现在写成的样子翻译，意思就成了“如今的父母工作十分忙碌，就是为了让他们没有时间和自己的孩子交流。”很显然，这不是作者想表达的意思，这个“so that”的使用是错误的。
“so”是表因果关系的连词，可以翻译成“所以”，其后面的句子是上文的结果，如“It was late, so we stayed at her place for the night”。“so that”的意思则等同于“in order that”，意思是“为了...”，指为了达到一个特定的目的而做某事，比如这个句子“I’ve tried to hide my feeling so that no one knows, but I guess it shows”，翻译过来就是“我试着去掩盖我的情绪，为了不让人发现，但它流露了出来”。
语法要点：“so”表示上文的结果，“so that”表示上文中的行为的目的，两者是有根本区别的。
托福写作中的常见审题误区
审题，是写作的步，却经常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只着眼于如何写出漂亮的句子和高级的词汇，而没有搞清写作的本质--考察学生针对某一话题进行准确连贯表述的能力。这也是为什么很多同学虽然英语不弱，在托福考试的独立部分中却只能拿到fair或good当中较低的4分。那么，到底怎样才能更加容易地拿到独立写作的满分呢?笔者今天将通过列举以往考过的真题进行解析，告诉大家如何审题，换句话说，如何使高分变得更加achievable。
审题误区 忽略关键词
同学们考写作考了这么多年，大多数出题的形式都已烂熟于心，看到题目之后觉得熟悉于是兴冲冲提笔就写，其实，这种看似"熟练"的表象下藏着巨大的隐患--同学们很有可能因为看得太快而忽略某个决定题目意思的关键词。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.
看到这个题目，同学们立刻会开始想，有没有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三条如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 综上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
这个写法看起来非常完备，但其实犯了一个不起眼却严重的错误--题目不是要我们证明it is not the only cause，而是要我们去证明it is not the only main cause。多一个"main"，意思是很不一样的。如果我们只需要证明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的写法。但是，如果我们要证明it is not the only main cause，就需要证明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，这就需要在每一段中加上一些专门的说明。或者，更简单的办法是去证明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising与该段所论述的unhealthy eating habit无关的论述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 这样一来，就不用通过证明还有其他main cause来反驳了，事实上，证明某种cause是main cause还是挺有难度的，因此笔者推荐同学们用后一种方式进行论述。因此，文章还是disagree，而三段的主题句分别应该是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到这个题目，很多同学会可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(专业课)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接着开始论述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接着开始论述，如果没有实过习，在工作的时候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着开始论述good social skills对职业和生活的帮助).如果不看括号里的内容，仅看主题句，这篇文章是没有任何问题的。然而，括号中的论述从严格意义上来讲，是不能支持"more"这个关键词的。举个简单的例子："我们需要钱"和"我们需要更多钱"在证明的时候重点是不一样的。如果证明"我们需要钱"，应该详细
阐述钱的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、学习、教育都需要钱;但是如果证明"我们需要更多钱"，重点则应该放在"钱不够"的论述上，证明在学习、生活、教育方面的预算都很紧张。同样地，上面的题目中仅仅证明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不够的，事实上，这些根本不需要证明，需要证明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此这篇文章应该是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，详细地去论述学校工作的不足。参考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同学们在写文章的时候一定要注意，学术论文写作不是句型和辞藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一个well-organized system，这个system中很重要的原则之二就是--1、每个中间段的topic sentence是用来支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句话都是用来支持该topic sentence的。在上面的两个例子中，大家会发现例1的错误主要是main idea没有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的错误在于topic sentence虽然看起来是支持main idea的，但是论述的内容可能跟关键词"more"无关，从而不能有力地支持topic sentences。这些错误的起因，则是对题干中关键词的忽略。
审题误区NO.2 误解关键词
与忽略关键词的人不同，有些同学过于执着于关键词的字面意思，而没能看出其背后的implication，从而被关键词限制住思路，无法下笔。比起忽略关键词，这种错误更常发生在细心且实力不错的同学身上，也很值得大家注意。笔者建议，在写文章的时候要灵活，不要拘泥于关键词的字面意思，否则理由很不好想，就算想出来也很难用英文表达。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary schooleducation than on university education.
题目的意思是说，比起投资大学教育，政府应该在小学教育上投入更多的资金。看到这个题，同学们会有不同的看法，大体来讲无非是两种--认为university education应该花更多的钱或反之。但是，大家很快会发现证明任何一种观点都是不容易的。比如说，有些同学可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.
3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主题句看起来是没有问题的，然而在展开的时候困难重重--个点里说Pupils的数量多所以花钱多，这的确是事实，可是pupil人均所需要的经费却肯定比university students少，关键的是，我们并没有数据作为支撑;第二点里说校友或社会人士的支持使得大学在财政方便面比小学要宽裕的多，然而，这还是一个没有数据就无法证明的观点;第三点里说elementary school education是university education的基础所以前者就应当比后者得到更多的预算，这是一个典型的逻辑错误，因此在段落展开的时候将会十分困难。A是B的基础并不意味着要为A花更多的钱。总之，钱本身就是一个可以量化的东西，如果真的以钱的多少来写这道题，在没有数据支持的情况下是很难成文的。许多同学之所以在写的时候觉得自己的文章很牵强，就是因为把该文当成了论述题，而大家要知道，论述题都是要会给出数据让我们来分析的。那么，在没有数据的情况下，这种题目该怎么写呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其实，题目并不是要我们去讨论哪种教育应该花更多的钱，而是让我们去对比两种教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就应该花更多的钱。所以我们可以有以下论述：
(Main idea)I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn. 2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensableandirreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid tosay that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其实，审题仅仅是写作考试的步，在这之后还有构思、寻找素材、语言表达等一系列步骤。在以后的文章中，笔者将会对这些内容进行详细的论述，告诉大家如何写出符合满分要求又achievable的文章。后，附上笔者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家参考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They can take specialized courses, and they can participate in internships, and they can also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for students, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the quantity of teachers and professors are not improved that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain. Many students are disappointed by teachers who know nothing but reading books. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are always too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months' internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend "active clubs" like Student Union, and member of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the Student Union only.
University students today are very lucky to have opportunities to increase their knowledge of their challenges in the future, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them well prepared for the fiercecompetition ahead.
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