托福写作审题时需要避免的错误
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托福写作审题时需要避免的错误
托福独立写作审题误区一 没注意关键词
同学们考写作考了这么多年，大多数出题的形式都已烂熟于心，看到题目之后觉得熟悉于是兴冲冲提笔就写，其实，这种看似“熟练”的表象下藏着巨大的隐患——同学们很有可能因为看得太快而忽略某个决定题目意思的关键词。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到这个题目，同学们立刻会开始想，有没有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三条
如：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever.
综上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
这个写法看起来非常完备，但其实犯了一个不起眼却严重的错误——题目不是要我们证明it is not the only cause，而是要我们去证明it is not the only main cause。多一个“main”，意思是很不一样的。如果我们只需要证明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的写法。但是，如果我们要证明it is not the only main cause，就需要证明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，这就需要在每一段中加上一些专门的说明。或者，更简单的办法是去证明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising与该段所论述的unhealthy eating habit无关的论述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 这样一来，就不用通过证明还有其他main cause来反驳了，事实上，证明某种cause是main cause还是挺有难度的，因此笔者推荐同学们用后一种方式进行论述。因此，文章还是disagree，而三段的主题句分别应该是：
1.People’s tight schedules do not allowthem to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertisingencourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到这个题目，很多同学会可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (专业课)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接着开始论述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接着开始论述如果没有实过习，在工作的时候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着开始论述good social skills对职业和生活的帮助).
如果不看括号里的内容，仅看主题句，这篇文章是没有任何问题的。然而，括号中的论述从严格意义上来讲，是不能支持“more”这个关键词的。举个简单的例子：“我们需要钱”和“我们需要更多钱”在证明的时候重点是不一样的。如果证明“我们需要钱”，应该详细阐述钱的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、学习、教育都需要钱;但是如果证明“我们需要更多钱”，重点则应该放在“钱不够”的论述上，证明在学习、生活、教育方面的预算都很紧张。同样地，上面的题目中仅仅证明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不够的，事实上，这些根本不需要证明，需要证明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此这篇文章应该是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，详细地去论述学校工作的不足。参考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同学们在写文章的时候一定要注意，学术论文写作不是句型和辞藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一个well-organized system，这个system中很重要的原则之二就是——1、每个中间段的topic sentence是用来支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句话都是用来支持该topic sentence的。在上面的两个例子中，大家会发现例1的错误主要是main idea没有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的错误在于topic sentence虽然看起来是支持main idea的，但是论述的内容可能跟关键词“more”无关，从而不能有力地支持topic sentences。这些错误的起因，则是对题干中关键词的忽略。
托福独立写作审题误区一 关键词理解不准确
与忽略关键词的人不同，有些同学过于执着于关键词的字面意思，而没能看出其背后的implication，从而被关键词限制住思路，无法下笔。比起忽略关键词，这种错误更常发生在细心且实力不错的同学身上，也很值得大家注意。笔者建议，在写文章的时候要灵活，不要拘泥于关键词的字面意思，否则理由很不好想，就算想出来也很难用英文表达。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
题目的意思是说，比起投资大学教育，政府应该在小学教育上投入更多的资金。看到这个题，同学们会有不同的看法，大体来讲无非是两种——认为university education应该花更多的钱或反之。但是，大家很快会发现证明任何一种观点都是不容易的。比如说，有些同学可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主题句看起来是没有问题的，然而在展开的时候困难重重——个点里说Pupils的数量多所以花钱多，这的确是事实，可是pupil人均所需要的经费却肯定比university students少，最关键的是，我们并没有数据作为支撑;第二点里说校友或社会人士的支持使得大学在财政方便面比小学要宽裕的多，然而，这还是一个没有数据就无法证明的观点;第三点里说elementary school education是university education的基础所以前者就应当比后者得到更多的预算，这是一个典型的逻辑错误，因此在段落展开的时候将会十分困难。A是B的基础并不意味着要为A花更多的钱。总之，钱本身就是一个可以量化的东西，如果真的以钱的多少来写这道题，在没有数据支持的情况下是很难成文的。许多同学之所以在写的时候觉得自己的文章很牵强，就是因为把该文当成了论述题，而大家要知道，论述题都是要会给出数据让我们来分析的。那么，在没有数据的情况下，这种题目该怎么写呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其实，题目并不是要我们去讨论哪种教育应该花更多的钱，而是让我们去对比两种教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就应该花更多的钱。所以我们可以有以下论述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
托福写作五个高分句型积累
1、表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
2、表示好处
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3、表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmfulto us.
例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5、表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
托福写作易丢分的内容
1.结构不平行例：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.当使用连词将一系列的单词联接起来的时候，应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。
2.不知所云例：Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落过长，不分段主语与动词一致问题She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主语和动词在数方面不一致。
4.句子别扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辞过长或不清。换言之，句子显得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用缩写在正式的写作中不要使用缩写形式(can’t，don’t，it’s，we’ll，they’ve等等)，而应当使用单词的完整理式(cannot，do not，it is，we will，they have等等)。
6.关联词语重复Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在该句的主要主语和主要动词前使用连词。
7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子没有主要主语或主要动词，因为其实它应是一个从句。这是一个非常常见的错误，修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。
8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式，意思也过于含糊，不适合用在正式的场合。应将get改为一个更加具体的单词，如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。
9.书写难以辨认信息不正确I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.传的信息不正确，或者让人听起来觉得可能不正确(如果确实是正确的，应当解释为什么这样，因为读者不认为是正确的)。上述例句中，all的意思是百分之百;我们不能绝对地说每一件新东西都是从美国诞生的。为保险起见，应当使用many或most。非英语单词Computers are very helpful and advantageable.尽管看起来象个单词，其实不是，至少不是个英文单词。使用这个单词的另一种形式。
10.介词多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示这种意思时此单词不能与介词连用。这种情况常见于downtown，home，there，here等词。这些词语在英语中是副词而非名词，因而不能在它们前面添加介词。
11.跑题或不相关There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.这个意思与okay for children to fail sometimes.所表达的意思很普通大多数人都已经知道到了，因而就没有必要再说出来。
12.标点问题I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.这是一个非常普遍的问题!许多学生在句子中使用了太多的句号，尤其是当他们用手写的时候。
13.重复冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一种意思的表述不止一次，或者某个词语不必要。
14.单数/复数Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.单词需要从单数变为复数，或者由复数变成单数。单数可数名词单数可数名词不能单独使用，应该将其变为复数形式或者加上限定词(a, the, my, his, her, Gary’s, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。
15.拼写错误主语、动词或宾语有问题I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本结构有问题 缺少主语、动词或宾语，或者这些成分重复。
16.语气与文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.语气与文章其他部分不相符可能是过于正式或者太不正式。
17.代词指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代词所指代的指示词(介词所代替的名词)不清楚。
18.过于笼统We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表达的意思过于笼统，不能提供多少信息。
19.动词时态错误Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.动词时态不正确检查一下是应该用现在时、过去时、将来时还是完成时等等。
20.选词不恰当I was late getting home because I lost my way.在这种情况下不应该使用该词可选择更好的词语或者所使用的词语与文章的总体语气不符。
21.单词形式不当I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的单词的形式不正确检查一下应该使用该词的名词、形容词或副词形式的哪一种。
22.用词错误Even I don’t speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation.用词错误或在此种情况下该词不是最佳用词。
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