2019年1月13日托福写作回忆
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2019年1月13日托福写作回忆
综合写作
话题分类
自然科学
考题回忆
1-总论点
考拉的数量是否会持续减少?
2-阅读部分
考拉的数量可能会持续减少，这可能是由于以下三个原因：
1. 考拉栖息地的减少。考拉的栖息地被农业和居住用地占据，这使得它们分散成了小的
群体聚居。而这样的聚居会带来很严重的食物竞争压力，这使得它们不能很好地存
活。
2. 交通事故。考拉经常离开生活的地方找食物和水源，这导致它们很可能经过一些切割
了它们自然聚居地的、车流繁忙的地带。在夜晚它们活跃的时候，开车的人很难在公
路上看到它们，这就导致了车祸。
综合写作
3. 栅栏的设置。在城市区域内生活的考拉经常要翻越栅栏去觅食。但它们经常被栅栏里
的狗攻击，导致严重受伤。
3-听力部分
针对考拉数量减少的现象给出了三个解决方案：
1. 在栖息地之间种树，形成 vegetation corridor，帮助考拉从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖
息地。
2. 在 tunnel 里给考拉留出穿越马路的空间，这已经实施了并且降低了考拉的死亡率。
3. 在栅栏边种树让它们爬上去避免被狗伤害，同时在花园里建造 round pole 让他们爬走
逃生。
解题思路
此题是阅读部分针对一个特定现象指出原因，听力部分提出解决方案的题型，要求考生
能够准确地获取与阅读原文所对应的听力内容，并且清晰完整地表达即可。
话题分类
教育类话题
题型
今昔对比题型
独立写作
考题回忆
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students are more interested in politics
than before?
解题思路
观点：同意，跟以前相比，现在的学生对政治更感兴趣了。
主体段一：现在的课程设置使政治成为必修课，所以学生们会更热衷于了解政治以帮助
他们在学习中取得好成绩;
主体段二：现在网络发达，学生们可以时刻了解到各种政治新闻;
主体段三：政治变的和学生的未来生活工作越来越密切相关。
参考范文
The freedom of expression is a fundamental right enshrined in Constitution, including people’s
political opinions. In fact, people in democratic countries are encouraged to participate in politics, especially votes. Today, even the young generation, students, also show more interest in politics than in the past.
In the first place, teachers today play a more important role in helping students to form their
political opinions than before. Nowadays, it is free for teachers to express their political opinions in the class and many of them would like to share their thoughts with students. Teachers can organize group discussion on political issues by which they expect to inspire students to think, develop critical thinking, improve communication and negotiation skills, and learn to tolerate people holding different or even opposite perspectives. For example, when the government
banned the free plastic bags in supermarkets, my nephew’s teacher used to lead them to discuss
the pros, like reducing white pollution, and cons, like increasing the sales of plastic rubbish bags. But in the past, teachers were merely encouraged to focus on students’ academic study due to the pressure of standard tests.In the second place, thanks to the propaganda of mass media and the connection of Internet, it is easier for students to acquire information on politics, to openly discuss politics and even to take part in political events. Actually, politicians are clear how important it is for their party to win support from young generation who will become their determined backers or bitter opponents in the following decades. Thus, there is propaganda of various forms targeting students, such as speeches on campus, slogans on billboards and discussion on Internet. Students, captured by politicians’ points and the bombast of media, will join the discussion and events. Take the presidential election as an instance. Most candidates would arrange their visit to universities where they give speeches and explain the policies they will follow, especially those closely related to students’ interests. Also, politicians are adept in how to lead opinions on social media, like Facebook and Twitter. However, students in the past had limited access to political information and no platform to have their voice heard.To sum up, it is obvious that students are more interested in politics than before because of teachers’ guidance and power of propaganda
【托福写作】托福独立写作因果分析法3个例子分享
因果法用于topic sentence和中间的supporting details都可以，首先我们来看一看综合作文中是如何运用的。
一、对于topic sentence
1. TPO 第一篇topic sentence:
The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. (缩短的周工作日可以提高公司的利润，因为员工可以感觉到更多的休整并且机警了，结果就是他们工作上犯错率减少了。)
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. (对于整个国家来说，因为可以减少失业率，所以缩短周工作日是个好事。)
分析：这是一篇TPO中的两个分topic sentence, 不难看出都用了一个因果逻辑，那为什么写topic sentence要用因果法呢?我们再来回顾一下topic sentence的要求：每个分topic sentence都是要求能够论证总的topic sentence的，比如说：总论点是赞同广告的好大于坏，分论点是广告的好处之一是通过能够给消费者提供信息，从而能够帮助消费者购买到合适的产品，那么为了能证明是好处，就一定会写结果带来什么好处，因此因果法在写分topic sentence的时候会大量使用。再回到这个两个topic sentence中就不难发现，为了说明缩短的工作日带来更多的好处，我们要说带来好处的原因(更多休整)或是结果(犯错率少)，因果法就恰到好处地写到了这一点。
2. TPO 第六篇topic sentence:
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. (首先，网上百科全书的贡献者通常缺少学术认证资质，因此使得他们的贡献最多部分正确，或者许多情况下完全不正确。)
Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. (第三，网上百科全书太频繁、太深入地关注很琐碎、很流行的话题，因此给人们产生了一种不知道哪些重要哪些不重要的错误概念。)
分析：从这篇的topic sentence中也不难发现作者为了证明网上百科全书的问题，在写分论点句时，作者直接写出了因为网上百科全书的缺陷(贡献者缺少学术能力，关注得太琐碎等)导致了种.种问题(内容不准确，没有重点等)，用了因果逻辑完成了topic sentence。
总结：独立作文当中，大家可以适当用因果法写写topic sentence，这样能够准确地论证总论点。
二、对于supporting details
1. TPO 第七篇 主体段：
First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled “new” or “improved”, American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.
(首先，美国顾客目前接触到太多的广告，因此他们不会再珍惜或注意到这个生态认证标识，因为有太多的中庸产品被贴上了“新的”或者“改善的”标识，美国顾客就不太信任广告所声称的内容。)
Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertification.
(其次，生态认证的木头比非生态认证的木头更贵，因为为了获取这样一个认证，木材公司要付费给证书代理检验费用。这额外的开支就要转嫁到非常注重价格的顾客身上，因此他们会选择便宜的非认证的木材。因此，美国木材公司将更加趋向于保持他们的价格低廉，而不是获取证书。)
分析：这两段主体段除了主题句(主题句实际上也是用了因果逻辑法来完成的)以外，supporting details只用了因果论证方法，推一推原因，再推一推结果，很快就能把一段很好地论证出来，简洁、调理清晰、逻辑紧凑。
【托福写作】托福作文题目类型分类介绍
一、应不应该题
这类题目在题目中一般都会含有should一词，或者含有“应该做”或“不应该做”的意思，问你如此做应不应该。考生要根据这些“应该”和“不应该”来写作文章。
例如这个题目就是应不应该题：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: all school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to update their knowledge.(120114 CN)
二、绝对题
这类题目中常常会带有绝对的语气词，例如only，must，always等;通常这类命题的题目比较明确且语气比较强烈，就是来问你同不同意这种说法，按照这个思路去构思文章。
下面这个题目就是托福独立写作绝对题：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: only movies that can teach us something about real life are worth.(110828 CN)
三、现象证明题
在这一类托福独立写作题目中，主要是在讨论一个现在可能存在的或者是将来可能会发生的现象，问你这个现象有没有或者是会不会出现，考生按照这个思路去拓展写作文章。
例如下面这个题目就是一个现象证明题：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: in modern times, grandparents cannot give their grandchildren useful advice because the world of today are too different than it was in the past.(140112 CN)
四、比较题
这类题目在考试中也是比较常见的，题目中会含有2个或者3个选项来让你选择。这些选择当中可能是不同事物的横向对比，也有可能是同一事物的纵向对比，或者是今夕对比，这种情况出现的较多。如果出现这类题目时可能会同应不应该题或者是现象证明题进行混搭，这样效果会更好一些。
例如下面的题目就是比较题型：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: nowadays advertisements are more honest than they were in the past.(121214 NA)
五、Agree/disagree的题目特点：
Doyou agree or disagree with the following statement?
Itis often not a good thing to move to a new town or a new county because of thelost of old friends.
Usespecific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
这类题目包括三部分的要求：①是否同意以下观点(文章要表明观点);②题目的主要内容要表达出来(切题);③文章要解释原因，并且有充分的论据支撑。
六、prefer类型的题目特点：
Somepeople think to watch a movie in a cinema (theater) is better, but others thinkat home is better, which one do you prefer?
这样的题目其实是一种对比的类型，想要突出自身的正确性的话，可以从突出自身有点出发，或者是突出对方的缺点。
新托福独立写作高分开头模板分享
开头1
Recently an interesting question has been attached much concern to: is there any correlation between cleaning one’s room and success? Answers vary from one person to another. Some claim that students keeping their rooms neat and organized are more likely to be successful, while others oppose the idea that cleaning up the room has something to do with success. To my way of thinking, students who have the habit of keeping their rooms clean and tidy are more inclined to succeed than those who do not. My viewpoint is based on the following reasons.
最近，一个非常有趣的问题引起了人们的广泛关注：打扫房间与成功之间是否有任何关联? 答案因人而异。 一些人声称保持房间整洁有序的学生更有可能获得成功，而另一些人则认为打扫房间与成功有关。 用我的思维方式，习惯于保持房间整洁的习惯的学生比那些不习惯的学生更倾向于成功。 我的观点基于以下原因。
这是一个非常经典的开头，包括背景+争议+立场。背景是通过 Recently an interesting question has been attached much concern to 这个句型来引出，意为近来一个有趣的问题得到了很多的关注。紧接着通过答案因人而异 Answers vary from one person to another 引出争议。接下来通过Some claim以及while others oppose the idea阐述具体的不同的观点是什么。最后通过To my way of thinking来引出自己的观点，并且利用My viewpoint is based on the following reasons来承上启下。
开头1的示范
Nowadays people are more willing to help others who they do not know (for example giving food or clothing) than they were in the past. [2016年12月3日考题]
Recently an interesting question has been attached much concern to: are people nowadays more willing to help others [1]? Answers vary from one person to another. Some claim that people at present are more likely to lend a hand to others [2], while others oppose the idea. To my way of thinking, I am inclined to agree with the former or the latter [3]. My viewpoint is based on the following reasons.
最近，一个非常有趣的问题引起了人们的极大关注：当今的人们是否更愿意帮助他人[1]? 答案因人而异。 有些人声称目前的人更有可能向他人伸出援手[2]，而另一些人则反对这一想法。 以我的思维方式，我倾向于同意前者或后者[3]。 我的观点基于以下原因。
首先在1空和2空我们对题目进行转述，在第3空我们为了避免对题目进行再一次的转述，我们可以直接用 the former or the latter 这样的表达来亮明自己的立场，毕竟不是每个人都能把题目很快的而且还很好的转述三次的。
It is easier to become an educated person today than it was in the past?[2016年11月26日考题]
Recently an interesting question has been attached much concern to: is it easier for people today to become educated than in the old days? [1] Answers vary from one person to another. Some claim that receiving an education of higher quality has been becoming much easier not only because of economic boom but also because of the advancement in technology, [2] while others oppose the idea. To my way of thinking, I am inclined to agree with the former or the latter. [3] My viewpoint is based on the following reasons.
最近，一个非常有趣的问题引起了人们的广泛关注：今天的人们比过去更容易受教育吗? [1]答案因人而异。 一些人声称接受高质量的教育变得越来越容易，不仅因为经济繁荣，还因为技术的进步[2]，而另一些人则反对这一想法。 就我的思维方式而言，我倾向于同意前者或后者。 [3]我的观点基于以下原因。
1空我们依然是将题目变成了一个一般疑问句，其实就是调整一下语序。这个可操作性还是很强的。第2空这次写的稍微复杂一点点，不仅对题目进行了转述，也顺便给出了正文中会涉及到的两个原因。给出原因的时候我们用not only because of A but also of B 的结构，正好对应中间的两个主体段的理由。第三空不变，依然是利用the former or the latter 表明自己的立场。
开头2
As is known to all, arts and athletics play irreplaceable and indispensable roles in people’s life for the former nurtures a sound mind while the latter guarantees a sound body. And recently there has been a heated debate on whether arts or athletics should be allocated more financial funds to. This debate divides people into two camps with opposite opinions, and as far as I’m concerned, athletics deserves more funding from government than arts does due to its greater significance. My reasons and examples are given below.
众所周知，艺术和体育运动在人们的生活中起着不可替代和不可或缺的作用，因为前者可以培养健全的思想，而后者则可以保证健全的身体。 最近，关于艺术或体育应该分配更多的财政资金，引起了激烈的争论。 这场辩论将人们分为两个持不同意见的阵营，就我而言，由于其重要性更高，田径运动应该比艺术运动得到政府更多的资助。 我的理由和例子如下。
跟开头1类似，这个也是一个背景+争议+立场的开头，只是表达和开头1相比有所变化而已。首先我们第一句话可以利用这样的句式来引入背景：A and B play irreplaceable and indispensable roles in people’s life for the former A的好处 while the latter B的好处。 紧接着我们通过 Recently there has been a heated debate on whether 来引出题目。接下来利用 This debate divides people into two camps with opposite opinions 来引出争议。最后通过 as far as I’m concerned 亮明自己的立场，并且利用 My reasons and examples are given below. 过渡到正文。
开头2的示范
Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. [2009年3月22日]
As is known to all, economy and environment play irreplaceable and indispensable roles in people’s life for the former ensures a decent life while the latter guarantees a sound body. And recently there has been a heated debate on whether economy or environment should be allocated more financial funds to. This debate divides people into two camps with opposite opinions, and as far as I’m concerned, environment deserves more funding from government than economy does due to its greater significance. My reasons and examples are given below.
众所周知，经济和环境在人们的生活中起着不可替代和不可或缺的作用，因为前者确保体面的生活，而后者则保证身体健康。 最近，关于是否应向经济或环境分配更多的金融资金引起了激烈的争论。 这场辩论将人们分为两个持不同意见的阵营，就我而言，由于环境的重要性更大，因此政府应比经济提供更多的资金。 我的理由和例子如下。
本题在改写的时候比较简单，我们只需要把 athletics 换成 economy 把 arts 换成 environment 即可，至于两者的好处如果需要调整的话也得进行相应的变化。毕竟我们不能说经济滋养健康的心灵。在套现成的东西的时候大家一定要把每一个该换的地方都换掉，千万不要搞出笑话。
Do you agree or disagree, it is a waste of money for government to fund space travel. [2015年10月11日]
As is known to all, space technology play irreplaceable and indispensable roles in a country’s successful development for a country’s competitiveness in space exploration represents its national power. And recently there has been a heated debate on whether space travel should be allocated financial funds to. This debate divides people into two camps with opposite opinions, and as far as I’m concerned, the exploration of outer space deserves the funding from government due to its great significance. My reasons and examples are given below.
众所周知，空间技术在一个国家的成功发展中扮演着不可替代和不可或缺的角色，因为一个国家在太空探索方面的竞争力代表了它的国家力量。 最近，关于是否应该向太空旅行分配财政资金，引起了激烈的辩论。 这场辩论将人们分为两个持不同意见的阵营，就我而言，探索外层空间具有重大意义，应得到政府的资助。 我的理由和例子如下。
由于开头涉及到两个元素而本题只有一个元素，所以在改写的时候我们要去掉一个，同时也要去掉所有关于比较的部分，比如第一句我们去掉了 the former and the the latter，而后面我们也去掉了有 than 以及 er 的表达。
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2019年1月13日托福写作回忆
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