托福阅读中地理学的常识问题
阅读中涉及地理学知识的时候，往往不会向太专业的方向靠拢，因此事先准备一下。了解一些地理常识还是很有必要的。一起来看看吧!
托福阅读中地理学的常识问题
1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨等自然现象，地表地貌的腐蚀及风化，等等。
2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation)原因、 移动冰川(surge glacier )
3.地球构成：地心构成
M计划、DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测
地壳(crust)
地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle
地核(core)
4.板块构成学说
converge 碰撞;spread 张裂
mantle plume 地粒 、热点;a dive into b; slide past each other
对这些关键词，至少要混个脸熟，这样才不至于再看见文章的时候，发现一堆自己没见过的词汇拦路，影响做题时的心态和理解。
托福阅读地理学核心词汇梳理
托福阅读核心词汇(地理学专业词汇)
1. geography 地理26. coastland 沿海地区
2. geographer 地理学家27. island 岛屿
3. hemisphere 半球28. continental island 大陆岛
4.meridian 子午线，经线29. volcanic island 火山岛
5. parallel 平行圈，纬线30. coral island 珊瑚岛
6. latitude 经度31. islet 小岛
7. longitude 精度32. peninsular 半岛
8. elevation 海拔33. continent 大陆
9. altitude 高度34. continental shelf 大陆架
10. temperate latitudes 温带地区35. ranges 山脉
11. horizon 地平线36. valley 峡谷
12. equator 赤道37. canyon 峡谷
13. tropics 热带地区38. channel (strait) 海峡
14. Arctic 北极39. remote-sensing 遥感的
15. Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极40. terrestrial 地球的，陆地的
16. expedition 探险41. terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热
17. time zone 时区42. terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁
18. topography 地形，地形学43. continental drift 大陆漂移学说
19. plain 平原44. sea-floor spreading 海床扩展
20. plateau (highland) 高地45. evaporation 蒸发
21. lowland 低地46. salinity 含盐度
22. basin 盆地47. ocean bottom 海床
托福阅读材料：你真的了解痛苦吗
23. cavern (cave) 洞穴48. sediment 沉淀物，沉积物
24. terrain 地域49. tropical 热带的
25. subterranean ( underground) 地底下50. temperate 温带的
What is pain? Pain is a reminder. It reminds us our mistakes. Pain is an alarm of upcoming beautiful days.
什么是痛?痛提醒着我们。它让我们记得过去犯下的错。同时，痛也预示着即将到来的美好。
There are two types of pain in the world.
世界上有两种痛。
First is physical pain like tooth ache, body ache, back pain, neck pain etc. and second is heart pain.
第一种是生理上的，像牙痛，身上痛，背痛，脖子痛等等，第二种是心痛。
This pain has not any medicine yet. This pain only reduced by bearing it. Rumi says "The cure for pain is in the pain."
心痛是无法通过药物治愈的，只能通过忍受它而得以减轻。
When we forget God and run after world and pain enters into our life because all the worldly things are painful.
当我们忘记上帝遁入凡尘，痛就走进了我们的生命，因为所有世俗的东西都是痛苦的。
Pain is the only one thing which brings us close to God.
痛是唯一的让我们接近上帝的东西。
In pain we never remember mom or dad or any friend. We just look at the sky and start praying.
在痛苦中我们不会想到爸爸妈妈或者任何朋友。我们只会注视天空并开始祈祷。
God is the only one who understands us and support us throughout the bad time. Every relation in the world remains because of some selfishness and our relation with God is only remains because of love.
上帝是唯一理解我们，支持我们度过艰难时光的人。世界上任何关系的维系都依靠某些个人利益，而我们和上帝的关系却只靠爱来维系。
Pain changes your life. It will increase your conscience.
痛苦会改变你的人生。它会让你满怀善意。
For the first time when you face the pain you feel like going mad.
第一次面对痛苦的时候你像疯了一样。
You cry a lot, try a lot and after that you will pray and now you are on the right path.
你大哭，努力改变，然后你开始祈祷，于是你找到了正确的解决方式。
Everything created by God is for our benefits so do as with pain. Pain is necessary. It opens our heart and mind. It makes balance in our life.
上帝创造的一切都是为了我们好，痛也不例外。痛苦是必要的。它让我们打开心扉。让我们的生命得到平衡。
Pain plays an important part in our life.
痛在我们生命中占据很重要的地位。
Nobody can escape from it even all the angles, God and Goddesses of different religion who came into this world had to bear pain.
没有人能逃脱痛苦，即使是天使，上帝甚至来自各个领域的众神。只要来到这个世界就要经受痛苦。
When we are in pain we try hard to get rid of it and here pain shows us the right path.
当我们经受痛苦时，我们会努力地摆脱它，这时痛苦会为我们指明道路。
We become very conscious about our Karma which we always forget in our good time.
我们变得特别在意顺境中被我们忘记的因果。
Rumi says "These pains you feel are messengers. Listen to them." Some painful situations continuously happen until we learn a lesson from them and every time it changes us.
拉米说：“这些你经历的痛苦都是讯号，你要聆听它们。”有些痛苦一直伴随我们，直到我们从中吸取教训，每次我们都会被痛苦改变。
Karma. Our karma tells us about our situations. At which directions we are going.
因果。我们的因果告诉我们当下的境况。我们将去向何方。
What we give is what we get.
我们给予什么，就会得到什么。
We should learn to spread happiness if we want happiness in our life.
如果我们想要生活得幸福，我们就要学会传递幸福。
One should learn to watch their action because our actions become our karma and our karma leads us to happiness or sorrow.
一个人应该学会注意他的行为，因为我们的行为会变成我们的因果，而因果决定了我们幸福还是悲伤。
The best lesson pain teaches us to feel others pain as well.
痛苦给我们最好的教训就是让我们学会感受他人的痛苦。
Pain teaches us how to pray for ourself and for others.
痛教会我们如果为自己，也为他人祈祷。
If you want to escape from your future pains then start spreading happiness into others because pain is a result of our bad deeds. No good deeds give pain. Think about yours actions and ask yourself that what your actions is giving to others.
如果你想避免日后的痛苦就从现在开始把幸福传播给他人吧，因为痛苦都是我们作恶的结果。行善从不会带来痛苦。反省一下你的行为，问问自己，你的行为会带给他人什么。
When we love someone whole heartedly we tend to give and give and give without expectations.
当我们全心全意爱着他人，我们会孜孜不倦地付出，不求任何回报。
And when we full of thankful to God then we are so happy and everything becomes so easy.
当我们十分感激上帝的时候，我们会感到特别幸福，一切都变得顺利起来。
Gratitude is the best way to get rid of your pain. Gratitude solves so many problems.
感恩是摆脱痛苦最好的方式。感恩可以解决许多问题。
Gratitude gives us stress free happy life and I am sure like me you all also want stress free happy life.
感恩带给我们极其自由的，幸福的生活，而且我相信你们大家也和我一样，期待一种极其自由的，幸福的生活。
When I read on that time I thought to share this with you guys. So let a practice it and have happy life.
每当我回想那段时光，我都想要把这
一切分享给你们。所以把这些道理付诸行动，去拥有幸福的人生。
托福阅读材料：可穿戴键盘
The Apple Watch and Google Glass are some of the most widely known wearable devices, but the ways users can interact with these “smart” gadgets are limited. For instance, it would be pretty difficult to type a message out on the face of a watch. And forget even trying with a pair of smart glasses. But now, researchers have developed wearable keyboards made of electronics knitted together like fabric that could lead to a new kind of human-machine interface.
苹果手表和谷歌眼镜是最广为人知的可穿戴设备， 但用户与这些“智能”物件的互动方式却有限。例如，在智能手表表盘输入文字信息相当困难, 更甭想在智能眼镜上尝试输入信息了。但如今，研究人员已经研发出电子元件织成的面料般的可穿戴键盘，这种键盘可提供一种全新的人机互动界面。
Right now, the key way that people interact with computers is by using the keyboard, researchers say. However, creating wearable keyboards for wearable electronics is a challenging task—such keyboards have to be large to fit enough keys to be useful, and must be flexible and stretchable to follow the movements of the human body.
研究人员说，目前，人与电脑互动的主要方式是使用键盘。然而，为可穿戴电子产品创建可穿戴式键盘很有挑战性——这种键盘要想实用，必须很宽大，能容纳足够多的按键，并且必须具备适应人体运动的灵活性和延展性。
In the past three years or so, researchers have tried to make electronics more wearable by making them like clothing—for instance, by knitting wires together into fabrics. These electronic textiles can get stretched up to the limit where the fibers are straightened. Such technology “provides a simple way to interact with machines,” said Esma Ismailova, a polymer science engineer at the National School of Mines in Gardanne, France, and co-author of a new study describing the new keyboards.
过去三年左右的时间里，研究人员尝试让电子器件更有可穿戴性，比如，把金属丝织入面料。这种电子织物具有和布料纤维一样的弹性。该技术“提供了一个与机器互动的简便方式”。法国加尔达纳国家矿山学院的高分子科学工程师、新键盘研究报告的合作者埃斯玛·伊斯迈洛娃说道。
The researchers started with polyester fabric. They stenciled the outline for an electronic circuit onto the fabric using an electrically insulating silicon rubber called PDMS. Then, they brush-painted an electrically conductive plastic called PEDOT：PSS onto the outline to fill it out. Finally, they coated this electronic circuit with more PDMS.
起初，研究人员从聚酯织物开始着手研究，他们用一种叫做PDMS 的电子绝缘硅胶将电路轮廓模印在织物上;随后，他们又把一种叫做PEDOT：PSS的导电塑料刷填在轮廓槽中并且填满;最后，涂抹更多的PDMS将电路覆盖。
The scientists used electrodes to connect this circuit to a computer. Square and rectangular patches of the circuit served as the keys of a keyboard. Pressing down on these patches generated easily detectable electrical signals.
科学家们用电极将电路连接到电脑上。这些方形和矩形的电路贴片就成了键盘的按键。按下这些贴片时，电路就产生容易检测到的电子信号。
The prototype keyboard can be worn on a sleeve and has 11 keys, representing the numbers 0 to 9 as well as an asterisk. The researchers noted that this fabric could be stretched by up to 30 percent and that after 1,000 cycles of stretching and relaxation, the fabric stayed about 90 percent as electrically conducting as it did at the start.
这种原型键盘可以戴在衣袖上，有11个按键，代表数字0至9以及一个星号。研究人员指出，这种织物的拉伸幅度可达30%，经过1000 次反复拉伸和舒张后，织物仍然保持初始导电性能的90%。
“A wearable keyboard would provide a more intuitive interface for tactile input than the touch-sensitive face of a smartwatch or the hand gestures that control devices such as the Google Glass,” Ismailova told LiveScience[1].
“相比智能手表的触摸感应表盘或是如操控谷歌眼镜的手势而言，可穿戴键盘将会提供一个更直观的触觉输入界面。”伊斯迈洛娃告诉LiveScience网站说。
The researchers suggested that textile keyboards could be woven not only into clothing, but also into furniture, wallpaper and other surfaces. Such technology “promises to enrich our daily lives with smart accessories and to change the way we interact with computers,” Ismailova said.
研究人员称，这种纺织键盘不仅能够织进衣物，还能够织进家具、壁纸及其他物体的表面。伊斯迈洛娃说，这种技术“有望以智能附件来丰富我们的日常生活，改变我们与电脑互动的方式。”
“One could envision, for example, using such a keyboard to control their smartphone, activity-tracking device or, down the road[2], an implantable medical device,” Ismailova said. “It is a rather straightforward technology, so I would expect some applications in less than five years. Applications in biomedical—for example, textile electrodes for monitoring the heart—might take a bit longer due to regulations.”
“比如，人们可以想象，用这样一个键盘控制他们的智能手机、活动跟踪装置，甚至在不久的将来，用它来控制植入式医疗器件。”伊斯迈洛娃说，“这是一个相当简单的技术，所以我期望在五年之内能够实现一些应用。但是，受限于各种法规，在生物医学方面的应用，例如，用织物电极来监视心脏，可能需要更长时间。”
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托福阅读中地理学的常识问题
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