托福阅读文章类型解析，这些分类你了解吗
今天小编为广大托福考生整理的托福阅读文章类型解析，为了帮助广大的托福考生们进行更好的复习，小编特整理了此内容，最后希望同学们都能战胜托福中的重重难关，冲向终点，更多精彩内容尽在学习啦，预祝考生取得理想成绩!
托福阅读文章类型解析，这些分类你了解吗
按照托福阅读文章的出处与选材范围，大家是能够把这些文章归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性文章。这种类型的文章，一定要有着说理性特质，相当于行文逻辑大部分都遵循的是相对固定的结构模式。
(1)Topic 话题：相当于文章的主角是什么。就好像讲解某个科学理论、研究其中的社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;在大家所做的托福阅读学术性文章中，通常要求具备三个组成部分：在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。
(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。如果话题是其中一个科学论点，那么方面也许可划分成若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;如果话题则是某个历史事件，那么方面为几段发展时期;在托福文章中，通常都是根据各个方面之间的层次关系，把各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体。
(3)Attitude态度：相当于文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，前面 3要素加在一起即为标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。托福文章大部分都是遵循这种结构，考生们能够通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
在大致上阅读文章又分为以下顺序结构：
好坏顺序。在大家介绍新产品时，一般是去首先说它的几个优点，后面再去说它缺点。在介绍某一种现象时，同样是会首先说它带来的好处，再说它的坏处。
时间顺序。在大家叙说一个事物史的发展时，通常都是采取时间渐进的方式进行叙述。先怎么样，再怎么样，最后又是怎么样。
空间顺序。在大家介绍一个事物时，还会采用空间移动的顺序。其中的是如何，外面又是如何，前面又怎么样，后面怎么样，上面怎么样，下面又是怎么样。
因果类结构。也就是全文都是围绕着某个现象进行解释。典型文章desert formation，在文章开头的第一段就出现这样的内容：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. 首先对沙漠的现状进行了描述，紧接着就赶紧扣题下定义，告诉我们什么是沙漠化。现象交代完了之后，出题段的第三段就迅速展开了原因的描述，我们发现第三段和第五段开头分别是这样的：Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. 以及There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.这样就交代了两个原因，分别是loss of vegetation和soil’s ability to absorb water. 同学们读到这里就要开始有预判断了，预料下面是否开始说一些其他的原因呢?带着这样的疑问去看，发现第六段说的是：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. 第九段针对overirrigation展开论述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接着第十段就是对沙漠化的前景进行展望。至此整篇文章的结构就很清楚了。了解了文章的结构对于接下来的文章会有预判断，读起来就会前后连贯，会有效减少文章阅读的心理难度。
比较对比结构。最为典型的是artisan and industrialization. 整篇文章也是分为了两个部分，前两段都在说手工作坊时代的生产方法，从第三段开始介绍机器大工业生产的情况以及带来的工人罢工。虽然整篇文章共有6段，但是我们如果可以判断出文章的结构就可以轻易地将文章分为两个部分，而且两部分之间还是比较对比的关系，就将一篇长文章读短了，降低阅读难度。
问题解决方法结构。典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开始介绍治理的方法。这种文章的结构不如因果类的明显，但是也可以通过这样的思路将文章前后串起来，降低阅读难度。
分类结构。典型的例子就是aggression。开头第一段交代了When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people. 于是我们大概知道文章是对aggression的研究方法进行阐述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach.至此文章结构一目了然，我们很清楚知道文章分成了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。
新东方推荐托福阅读策略：表格题
一、表格题分为两大类：总结表格题和对比表格题。
1、总结表格题
相对而言， 总结表格题的出现频率要高于对比表格题，这是由它们自身特点，出题方式和原文是否具备对比对照关系这三方面的因素决定的。
2、题的出题模式有两种：
一种是针对全文内容出题，答案由全文的主题，细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题，答案由这些重点支持性段落主题，段落结论，以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。这里我们重点看第一种出题模式。
我们来看一个例子，
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.
Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers.
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks. ]
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points
The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.
1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s
Answer Choices
(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks.
(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill.
(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s.
(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year.
解题基本思路：首先确定这个题目属于总结表格题，其主题为The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.(鳕鱼渔业带动了纽芬兰经济发展已经有好几个世纪。)后面三个分论点的内容都是围绕这个论点展开：因为渔业的发达人们忽略了过度捕杀来的问题;尽管采取各种限制捕杀政策，鳕鱼的库存还是不断减少而其数量也没有回升的迹象;加拿大政府从20世纪80年代开始想办法来繁荣纽芬兰的经济。通过对上面这些句子和主题的分析，我们已经可以猜出文章的主要内容，人们的过度捕杀导致自己的经济来源-鳕鱼数量不断减少。根据这个理解然后看答案。根据文章内容，我们知道选项 A ，C， E与文章的内容和题目表格内容相符合。其中B内容在文章中有，但是不符合，D的内容也是正确的，但是与E相比，E更合适，而F 直接排除掉。
3、总结表格题做题三大步骤：
判断题目类型(全文型还是段落型)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案。
4、对比表格题
对比表格题都会有明确的对比项，也就是在文章中几个不同事物之间相对比。这类型的题目相对于总结表格题来说简单。只要按照文章题目的要求，返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具体解题方法和总结表格题相同，所以这里就不赘述了。
总之，判断题目类型(总结表格题和对比表格题)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案是解决这类问题的最佳策略。
托福阅读策略：推理题
推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
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