4月15日新托福阅读题解析：讨论最早历法
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4月15日新托福阅读题解析：讨论最早历法
学科分类：考古类
题目：Debate about the earliest calendars
内容回忆版本一：
第一段：一个考古学家认为骨头上的14个marks 是古代人们记录lunar year的方法，因为它们的排列不是by chance的，而是按照group patterns排列的[有目的题，问作者为什么提到这些具体的pattern, 答案为为了说明这些pattern不是natural(对应not by chance)的，而是人为的]，该学家认为这种pattern和月亮从crescent(新月)到full moon，再从full moon到new moon的时间段一致(有题，问这个考古学家是如何理解上述pattern的，答：和moon的各种phase相符)。第一段是不是森破?
第二段：讲这种日历的用途：古代人推算一些event的period;找到事情的sequencially connected;最终导致writing的出现[并列结构出现，有EXCEPT题]。虽然最长的pattern只有two and a half months, but多个连接起来可以推算时间的period，如怀孕，洪水的时间[有句子简化题，注意转折逻辑即可]。
第三段：发现我们的祖先可以think abstractly，具有计算日子的能力是件很有意思的事[有事实信息题]，但是也有质疑，因为hunter-gather的祖先了解所有打猎，采集等periodically的时间，不需要记录。
第四段：继续批判第一段中考古学家的观点，说那些marks的pattern是not regular，他也没有provide no example，还没有evidence[一句话中并列结构，有EXCEPT题]。而且这种mark不一定是record day or event哒，有可能是一些sharp tools使用的时候留下的，这种情况在其他文明中也常出现，此处有example[有目的题，问作者为啥要提到某个文明，答案为想要证明这些pattern不是起record events or days的作用] 。
内容回忆版本二：
古代日历 Early Calendar
某科学家认为一种最早在骨头上发现的裂痕是远古人类做了记号的日历，它记录了当时的月相盈亏，他由此认为这些刻痕可以帮助古代人发现更多更大的规律、进行抽象思考，并且带来了算术能力的进步，此外这一calendar的出现和hand-writing的出现也有关系。
反驳观点有很多，其他人认为这个科学家的理论毫无学术依据，纯属臆测，不足为信，举出反例比如这些点可能是用来磨武器的时候刻的或者仅仅是划痕而已。
校园生活的托福词汇精选
be down and out:疲惫不堪，一蹶不振
EX: After about ten years of no business at all, they are practically down and out.
EX: I don't think you realize that I am down and out.
double date:两对伴侣的约会
EX: Sometimes it's more fun to go on a double date.
go off the deep end:鲁莽行事，感情用事
EX: He surely went off the deep end when he bought that restaurant.
go the whole hog:全力以赴
EX: When Bob became interested in model airplanes, he went the whole hog.
jump out of the frying pan into fire:每况愈下(from bad to worse)
EX: You're jumping out of the frying pan into the fire. By trying to straighten out with Mr.Bagnell, you're getting your self in trouble with Mrs. Bagnell.
jump down one's throat:横加指责
EX: I don't mind being corrected when I am wrong, but you don't need to jump down my throat.
lick into shape:塑造，训练整顿
EX: Two years in the army will lick him into shape.
EX: The inspection was announced at two o'clock, and they had the place licked into shape.
look down one's nose at:嗤之以鼻，瞧不起
EX:The man is a snob. He looks down his nose at most people
EX:He looks down his nose at the offer. (meaning he doesn't care about the offer.)
make heavy weather:发觉某事有困难
EX:Though the investment is at present making heavy weather, the future is regarded withconfidence.
make head or tail of: 弄清楚，懂得
EX:Can you understand this letter? I've read it through twice and I juse can't make head of tail of it.
Stand to reason 清楚而且合乎逻辑
Ex:It stands to reason that too many shopping choices can be as bad as too few.
Ex:If you drink too much coffee a day, it stands to reason that your health will suffer.
kick around 私下讨论一下
Ex: We haven't decided where to go on vacation. I think we'd better kick it around for a while.
put two and two together 找出解决之道
Ex: At first, he couldn't understand the directions for assembling the bookcase, but later on he was able to put two ond two together.
fake steps 采取必要措施
托福词汇之十大经典连词的使用
一. And 并列关系 (and)
in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that
二.Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards
三.Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly
四.Contrast转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点
however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //
though // although // but // on the contrary
otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast
五.Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly
六.Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on
七.Time 时间 (when )
before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as
八.Summary 总结 (in a word)
in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word
九.Example举例 (for example)
for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是
十.Reason原因 ( because)
since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause
托福词汇中最常见的词缀汇总
英语否定的前缀主要有a- ab- anti- counter- de- dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un- 等。
a-ab-主要加在形容词动词前，例如atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的;abuse滥用、错误使用、虐待。
anti-加在名词、形容词前边。最常见的是anti-Japanese抗日战争、anti-social厌恶社会的 反社会的、antidite解毒的药。
counter-加在名词、动词前，例如：counterstrike反击、counteract抵抗阻碍、counterrevolution反革命。
de-加在名词、形容词前，常见的例词有decrease减少，deteriorate恶化，demobilize遣散 使…复员、decolor 脱色 漂白。
dis-主要加在名词、形容词，动词之前，dis-为否定前缀的词有：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、disconnect失去联系。
il-主要加在以1开头的单词的前边，比如：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合逻辑的。
im-加在字母m,b,p之前，这样的词有impossible不可能的、impolite不礼貌的。
in-常加在形容词，名词之前，如incorrect不正确的、inability无能 无力、inaccurate不准确的等。
ir-放在以r开头的英语单词前面，比如：irregular不稳定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的 不能解决的。
mal-主要加在形容词名词之前，例如malfunction功能紊乱，malicious恶意的。
mis-加在动词、名词前，例词misunderstand误解、misjudge误判、misleading误导、misfortune不幸。
non-加在形容词、名词前，这样以non-为否定前缀的词有non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非电的。
un-主要放于名词，形容词，副词前面，常见的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted无疑的、unemployment失业。
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