托福阅读快速提分的方法
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托福阅读快速提分的方法
词汇量
词汇量是最基本也是最显而易见的一个因素。设想一下，如果一些基本的或是常用的单词都不认识，谈何理解文本，提高阅读速度呢?
托福阅读的词汇要求还是比较高的，因为它的单词涉及到具体的学科知识，如天文、生物等等。这些单词在高中或是大学学习中都不太会接触到，需要我们额外积累。所以提高托福阅读速度的第一个关键就是词汇的积累。
我们可以利用词汇书，或单词记忆软件来记忆托福单词。也可以整理和记忆已经做过的阅读文本当中的生词。第二种方法的好处是，我们能够通过文本来判断哪些单词是高频词，需要我们重点记忆。而且有了具体的语境，在记忆单词时也相对容易一些。
句子结构
第二个因素是句子结构。托福阅读当中有不少的长难句，它们的句子成分繁多，结构复杂，理解起来也比较困难。“你认识句子里的每一个单词，却看不懂这个句子是什么意思”。这是对理解长难句的生动写照。
很多时候，我们读不懂句子，或一个句子看三四遍才能勉强理解句意，是因为没有理清句子的结构。比如TPO44 Seagrases中的一个句子：
“Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.”
一些同学在理解这个句子的前半部分时出现了问题，他们只关注到“have many of the lighter particles” 所以将句意理解成为“在强水流影响下的海草床会有很多轻的碎屑物”。但实际上前半部分完整的结构应该是“have many of the lighter particles…moved out” 意思是“将较轻的碎屑物移出去了”。这与部分同学的理解完全相反。
因此要提升阅读速度，我们要能够迅速而准确地理清长难句的结构。首先要判断一个句子是简单句还是非简单句，他的主谓宾是什么，修饰成分有哪些，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么东西。这些内容是托福阅读预备班前几节课的重点。当然，只是知道这些理论远远不够，还需要我们在平时的学习中多多练习，逐步提升自己理解长难句的能力。
知识背景
第三个因素是背景知识。在讲第一点的时候已经提到了，托福阅读的话题涉及到具体的学科知识。当然，这些背景知识并不会非常专业，让我们理解不了。
由于每个人的知识结构和知识储备不同，在做相同的题目时也会有不同的感觉。比如：对生物比较感兴趣的同学会觉得理解白蚁巢穴的结构比较简单，而擅长历史的文科生很容易就能把握雅典城邦的相关内容。因此，在备考的过程中，我们要注意积累自己不太熟悉的背景知识，至少要了解TPO当中出现过的一些背景知识，这样才能在做题时较快地把握文章内容，提升阅读的速度。
托福阅读背景知识之民族文学类
民族文学的诞生
独立革命是美国民族文学诞生的背景。早在战争爆发之前，美国殖民地人民在欧洲启蒙主义学说影响之下，已经具有民族独立的意识。富兰克林世俗的格言比爱德华兹清教，主义的教诲更能吸引广大群众。富兰克林用清晰、幽默的文体传播了科学文化，激发自力更生的精神，他的爱国热情和关于自学、创业的言论，对于美国人民的人生观、事业观和道德观产生了深远的影响。独立革命期间充满反抗与妥协之间的尖锐斗争，迫使作家们采取政论、演讲、散文等简便而又犀利的形式投入战斗。发表“不自由毋宁死”这一名言的演说家舶特里克·亨利，象战鼓那样鼓动战士奋勇杀敌的托马斯·潘恩，行文朴质无华却字字击中要害的托马斯·杰斐逊，都是无畏的战士，他们为了战斗的需要锤炼自己的语言艺术。那个时期的诗歌也具有强烈的政治性，大量的革命歌谣出自民间。菲利普·弗瑞诺是当时著名的革命诗人，他的创作开创了美国诗歌的优秀传统。
托福阅读背景知识：近半数英国女性后悔念大学
Vicky Tuck： 'I believe women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning'.
Young women are losing faith in the university system with nearly half believing it is not worth getting a degree.
Tuition fees and little chance of landinga good job make higher education an unattractive prospect for them， a study suggests.
It found that nearly half of female graduates would not go to university if they had the chance again.
The research will cause concern because it was carried out before the Government announced that fees will almost treble to ā9，000 in 2012.
The findings have prompted warnings that a generation of ambitious young women will miss out on a high-flyingcareer and the opportunity to continue their education.
Louise Court， editor of Cosmopolitan magazine， which conducted the survey， said young women seem to think university ‘a waste of time’.
‘It’s never been harder to be a young woman with ambition，’ she said. ‘Understandably， women are angry and frustrated about their future and this is having a damaging affect on their self-esteem.
The survey of 1，353 women also looked at the career prospects and financial outlook for women in 2011.
Two thirds of those questioned said they thought it would be ‘almost impossible’ to get their dream job and a quarter were unable to follow their preferred career.
Only 14 per cent said they felt safe from the sack.
And the financial situation for graduates was especially bad， with half saying they had so much student debt they could not save.
The same proportion believed they faced worse financial hardship than their parents.
One in seven women said they had been forced to postpone getting married because a wedding would be too expensive.
And more than one in six admitted that financial constraints had made them postpone trying to start a family.
Vicky Tuck， a campaigner for women’s education and former head of Cheltenham Ladies College， said： ‘The rise in fees is going to make a lot of people reflect on why they are going to university.
‘Before the introduction of fees it was not an automatic assumption that a degree would lead to a good job. It is only recently that we have seen that relationship.
‘I believe that women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning， a precious opportunity. If they go purely to get a job， many will be disappointed.’
托福阅读背景知识：爱逛街的男人更长寿
It may come as old news to many women， but it seems a bit of retail therapy really is good for you.
A day at the shops can help you live longer， says a study.
And surprisingly， the benefits are actually greater for men.
The study even suggests the long-term survival benefits of shopping are better than going to the gym.
Seeing friends and just people-watching can stave off loneliness and improve psychological health， suggests research published online in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
It looked at almost 1，850 people aged 65 and over living independently at home in Taiwan， who were asked how often they went shopping.
The researchers then tracked how long each of the participants lived by linking individuals to national death registration data between 1999 and 2008.
They found those who shopped daily lived longer than those who shopped less frequently， even after taking account of people’s physical or other health problems.
Going to the shops every day cut the chances of a participant dying during the period of the study by more than a quarter compared with those who don’t shop regularly.
Older men who frequently popped out to the shops had the best survival record， with a reduction of 28 per cent in their chances of dying， while older women saw slightly less benefit with a 23 per cent cut in dying.
Researchers led by Dr Yu-Hung Chang at the National Health Research Institutes， in Zhunan， Taiwan， accept that those who shopped regularly may have been in better health to begin with.
They said： 'An elder who shops less for food would be at risk of poorer diet quality necessary to maintain health. A vicious cycle that involves limited shopping and poor diet could evolve for elders.'
But the study added： ‘In shopping venues， socialising with， or watching others can provide social and mental benefits.
‘Compared with other types of leisure-time physical activity， like formal exercise， which usually requires motivation and sometimes professional instruction， shopping is easier to undertake and maintain.’
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