托福阅读常见的句型结构

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托福阅读常见的句型结构

一、英语句子结构的原则

1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。

2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)

二、三大从句

1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句

引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)

结构主语从句

what+VO=n. for eg.

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)

_形式主语和强调句的区别

形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

强调句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句

同位语从句

同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

_同位语和定语从句的区别

同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定语从句中，引导词充当成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。

Example

It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。

_如何找出复杂句中的谓语?

先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。

2、形容词性从句=定语从句

引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)

结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词

This is the pig,which is very fast

This is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。

_具体分析举例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

_形容词性从句的省略

当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

_个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。

As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

_系表倒装

主系表结构变成表系主结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副词性从句 =状语从句

引导词 when/though/while/although……

结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的条件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.

托福阅读真题练习：碳酸钾

托福阅读文本：

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial NorthAmerica need hardly be stressed.

Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.

In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it was made

(B) Its value as a product for export

(D) Its importance in colonial NorthAmerica

2.All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:

(A) They are alkalis.

(B) They are made from sea plants.

(D) They are used in making glass.

3. They phrase "the latter" in line 4 refers to

(A) alkali

(B) glass

(D) soap

4. The word "stressed" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) defined

(B) emphasized

(D) mentioned

5. The word "interchangeable" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) convenient

(B) identifiable

(D) advantageous

6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North

America because

(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available

(B) making potash required less time than making soda

(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use

7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT

(A) wood

(B) fire

(D) water

8. The word "adjunct" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) addition

(B) answer

(D) possibility

9.According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that

(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods

(B) it helped finance the creation of farms

(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking

10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems

for southern settles?

(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.

(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.

(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.

托福阅读答案：

DBDBCACABD

托福阅读真题练习：社会艺术

托福阅读文本：

Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.

What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art may also reflect the culture's social stratification.

托福阅读题目：

1.According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are

(A) more difficult to handle than wood and

(B) of their stable social conditions

(D) available only in specific locations

2. The word "conclusive" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) definitive

(B) controversial

(D) realistic

3. The word "apparent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) attractive

(B) logical