托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
托福阅读当中，逻辑信号词好比旅途中的路标与灯塔，让你不致迷路，可以朝着发现解题题眼的正确方向迈进，所以，熟练掌握各类托福阅读信号词是托福高分的基本条件之一。
托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
1.显示相同信息的信号词
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.显示思路转折的信号词
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.显示因果关系的信号词
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.显示顺序的信号词
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.表示结论/总结的信号词
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
全面详细归纳托福阅读中的信号词
1.主题
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如
●let's...
●Today, I will be talking about ...
●Today，we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：
●Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
●We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
●Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时，today后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2.定义
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。
此类信号词有：
●what I mean is
●All that means is
●which is / that is
●in other words，...
●... is referred to as...
●... is named/known/called
3.举例
比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。
TIP：有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
4.对比
讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有：
●We should not confuse A and B
●A is different from B
●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
●compare to
●contrast
●Unlike
●similar to
●in contrast to
●...differently
●...differ
●alike
●resemble
●on the other hand，
●instead，
●likewise，
●in the same way等。
5.分类
阐述关键概念时，教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。
例如，阐述海豚发声方式时，会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式，即whistles，cliques和burst pulses。
通常教授会点明分类的数量，但也可能不给出具体数据，而是笼统地说有“很多种”。
例如，there are many types of ...，we gather data in a variety of ways ...。
6.因果
学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有：because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示结果的信号词有：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。
7.转折
转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有：but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact。
8.结论
讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有：conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up。
托福阅读题型讲义分类资料
托福阅读分类题型讲义内容节选：
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were
(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a handpowered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from
(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic.
The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
答案：C
托福阅读分数对照表(2020年)
托福阅读评分标准是这样的：托福阅读三篇文章，每篇12-14道题，如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确的总题目数量加起来就是你的总分。除托福阅读观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。在托福官方指南中，关于托福阅读评分标准的描述是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.
The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：
If you had： You received
1 correct answers 0 points
2 correct answers 1 point
3 correct answers 2 points
小编提醒考生注意：托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
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