托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读实际上有许多做题技巧的，利用因果逻辑词解题就是其中一种，下面小编给大家分享一下具体操作方法，希望对你们有所帮助。
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?
审题
首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：
1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?
4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?
通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习
例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3
The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.
5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.
○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.
○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.
○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.
· 分析
通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：
第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”
第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”
细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;
第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.
实战练习
例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.
11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.
○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.
○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.
○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.
· 分析
这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
细节题选的是符合题干的选项，也即是问什么答什么。比如我问张三有多高?张三说我很帅，张三确实帅但是不是我要的答案。细节题中很具有迷惑性的选项叫“答非所问”，同学们一定要细心，回到本题，题干问“why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?”，题干给的是结果，让我们找原因，扫读原文发现“Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images，其中“that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images”表达的意思等于题干“the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered”，很明显“so much time has passed”就是我们找的答案，确定正确答案选C。
实战练习
例3.(tpo7p1q7) Paragraph 4:
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○ the movements of earth's crust
○ the accumulation of sediment layers
○ changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○ changes in earth's temperature
· 分析
通过题干中 “responsible for”确定考察的是因果逻辑，定位到本段第三句话，但句子前后并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词，然后继续通读往下读，发现怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
在这里，给大家补充一个不常见的因果逻辑的另类表达，即and引导的两个句子也隐含因果逻辑关系。比如”He is too old and he can’t walk,”,仔细体会其中的意思“他太老了and不能行走”，蕴含的就是因果逻辑关系。
回到本题“Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. ”(因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。)如果大家能识别到这层关系，很明显A就是正确选项。
常见因果逻辑词
下面来总结一下托福阅读中常见的因果逻辑词，希望同学们能够熟记巧用。
显性：because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...
隐性：cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for..
托福阅读因果逻辑题如何作答，掌握显性因果逻辑词
一、因果逻辑之句子简化题
一提到因果逻辑，可能大部分考生顿时想到的是句子简化题。因为有相当比例的句子简化题中是有逻辑关系的句子，的确可以先从原句逻辑关系出发，先排除明显逻辑错误的选项，剩下的再进行核对筛选。但我们在运用任何逻辑关系解题的时候可千万别忘了句子主干哦。下面我们看几个例题：
例题 1
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
(A)The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
(B)Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
(C)Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
(D)The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
天啊，这个句子那么长!但提取主干后，句子将变得非常简单：
The frequency had lead rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panramitee style.
我们发现这个句子的谓语动词是 lead to，是个隐性的因果逻辑词。也就是说，本句话最想表达的意思是，某个东西的频繁出现，是研究者们采用 P style 这个术语的原因。
这时我们来看四个选项，A 选项强调的是对比关系，一看就可以排除的炮灰选项。
D 选项的主干是 The motifs make up the oldest form. 跟原句的主干完全不符合，又可排除。
大部分同学都是纠结 B 和 C，而且还不少同学认为这两个选项读完根本就是一个意思, excuse me?!那么接下来我们就得分析下选项中的原因和结果与原句的原因和结构能否对应的上，会不会因果倒置。B 和 C 选项一个最大的区别，就在于 B 选项中 P style 是句子的结果，而 C 选项中 P style 出现在了原因部分。原句的 P style 是句子的结果，所以，正确答案就很明了了，选 B!
咱们再来看另一个例题：
例题 2
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
(A)The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
(B)Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
(C)After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
(D)The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
句首的 However 虽然是个转折逻辑词，但对于这道题而言是没有用的，因为这明显是跟上一句话进行转折，而句子简化题考查的是句内逻辑，而不是句间逻辑。这句话是由 and 连接起来的两个句子，所以不少同学觉得这两句话就是并列关系。
这两个句子的主干信息为 no group or species can maintain its dominance 和 mammals began to flourish. 那么最完美的正确选项应该是肯定要包含这两个主干信息的。
大部分同学是在 A 和 B 之间纠结，觉得 A 呢没毛病，B 也挺对的，但是多了个 because 不太敢选。A 相对于 B 而言，是属于信息残缺的选项，B 选项的信息和原句的信息匹配度更高。
但是 because 如何解释呢?举个简单的例子：
It’s raining outside and I decide to order take-out food.
我们可否理解成因为外面下雨了，所以我决定订外卖?这也是说得通的。所以在个别情况下，两个并列的句子也可以有隐含的因果逻辑关系，看句意而定。这题便是，两个句子的核心内容可理解成，因为没有任何物种可以一直维持统治地位，所以，后来哺乳动物 flourish 了。再通过阅读细节可发现 mammals began to flourish 正是恐龙灭绝之后。所以这时我们再对比一下 A 和 B，B 选项和原句的还原度是比 A 好的。
二、因果逻辑之细节题
因果逻辑其实无处不在，另一个经常考察此逻辑关系的题型是细节题。现在我们来看几个稍微有点没那么明显的因果逻辑的考题。
例题 3
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species…Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
Which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
(A)the movements of earth's crust
(B)the accumulation of sediment layers
(C)changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
(D)changes in earth's temperature
本题题干中看到 responsible for，马上反应到考查的是因果逻辑。不少同学可以快速定位到本段第三句话，但句子中并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词于是不敢判断答案，于是继续往下读，怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
其实这题考的因果逻辑这个考点跟我们上一个句子简化题的例题是很相似的。两个句子并列用 and 连接，但是也有隐含的因果逻辑关系。因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。如果能识别到这层关系，则应该可以秒选 A 了。
例题 4
Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.
Why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement ?
(A)The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
(B)The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
(C)The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
(D)One of the church’s daily rituals occurred during the night.
这是个细节题，通过题干可定位到本段第二句话。题目问的是 why，但在原文中不能直接找到 because 或 contribute to 等其他因果逻辑词。但我们在定位准确的前提下，仔细在读读第二句话，发现这个句子有现在分词做状语的成分，而 v-ing 是可以做结果状语的。那么 requiring an alarm arrangement 的前面信息的同义改写便是这道题的正确答案。此题正确答案为 D。
本文仅简单列举了因果逻辑关系在阅读中的几种考法，它还可以出现在推断题，句子插入题中，由于篇幅有限就不一一列举例题了。识别因果逻辑的不同表现形式是可以帮助提高我们的答题效率的一个突破点。回到本文提出的第一个问题，笔者罗列了一些给大家参考一下：
1、显性因果逻辑词：
since, because, because of, thus, hence, as a result, result from, responsible for, due to, so that, consequently, account for, explain, factor, outcome……
2、隐性因果逻辑词：
lead to, stimulate, enable, motivate, encourage, contribute to, trigger, give rise to, induce, affect, damage, impact, depend on, rely on......
学会掌握托福阅读中的逻辑词
关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。比如，如果听到某人说：“I’d love to go with you，but…”这时我们心里一定都会感觉到这人十有八九去不了了。
而如果他说的是：“I’d love to go with you，and…”那么后面的话至少不会表达出不去的意愿。也就是说，维持方向的关系词连接的前后信息必须是同向的，而改变方向的关系词所连接的信息则应该是反向的。当我们在做题的时候，可能有些句子结构或单词不理解，如果句子中有关系词，那么至少可以帮助我们判断出句意的方向，而有些题目只需要判断出方向其实就能得出答案。下面举两个判断题的例子进行说明。
原文：IPhone is gaining popularity， despite its cost。
题目：IPhone is costly。
题目要我们判断iPhone 是否昂贵，但原文并没有直接给出其价格的高低。可是我们注意到原文句子中含有一个关系词despite，它是属于改变方向的词，也就是说despite前后连接的这两个句子方向得相反。前面说iPhone越来越受欢迎，应该算是件好事，那么后面说到它的价格，显然是不能令人满意的，也就是比较贵，这样才符合句意的逻辑。因此我们马上就可以判断出该题的答案是TRUE。
原文：Baekeland’s invention (Bakelite)， although treated with distain in its early years，went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of thetwentieth century。
题目：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material。
这是Test2的12题，题目要我们判断Bakelite是不是马上受到欢迎，原文提到它treated with distain inits early years，但麻烦的是可能会有相当部分的同学不认识distain 这个词，这样似乎就没办法判断出Bakelite在早年被如何对待。但是千万要注意这个句子有一个关系词although，它表示让步，属于改变方向，那么由它连接的两个句子句意得是相反的，这样我们可以试图从已知推未知。后面这句话我们从enjoy，popularity可以得出一个信息，就是 Bakelite在20世纪的前半期一直是受欢迎的，方向是好的，那么前半句treated with distain in its early years必须就要表达出不好的信息，也就是在前几年受到不好的对待，这样才能符合句子逻辑。因此，我们马上就可以做出判断，既然在前几年受到不好的对待，那么Bakelite就不可能马上受到欢迎了，因此该题的答案是FALSE。这样，我们在考试时根本就不用具体去理解distain(指名誉受损)的真正含义，只用判断方向照样能够做对题目。
除了判断题之外，关系词对Summary题也十分有用。Summary是文章或部分段落的缩写，有时候某些词同义替换的形式变化比较大，如果只用关键词去查找，很多时候并不容易定位。但是不管词怎么变，逻辑关系一般不变。如果题目中表达出因果关系或转折关系，那么所找到的原文一般也会表达出同样的逻辑关系。这样，我们就可以利用上关系词来帮助一起定位。
比如Test2的30~31题：In Britain， moreover， scientists worried that English had neither the30________ nor the 31________ to express their ideas。这两道题用词去查找并不好定位。但我们也要注意到这两个空有一个关系词词组“neither…nor…”，它们表示并列，并且是否定的并列。通过这点在原文中很容易就注意到有一个信息是：“First， it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second， itlacked the grammatical resources…”其中，“First…， Second…”表达出了两样事物的并列，而lack(缺乏)这个单词则表达出了否定。这样就比较容易能够定位到这两句话并且得出答案是 technicalvocabulary和grammatical resources。
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