新东方托福阅读教师讲义
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托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)
1. 句子简化题
The Great Red Spot
One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.
B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.
C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.
D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.
答案：C
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.
B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.
C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.
D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.
答案：D
Passage One (Question 1-2)
Camouflage
Camouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.
1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.
B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.
C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.
D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.
答案：A
2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.
B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.
C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.
D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.
答案：D
Passage Two (Question 3-6)
Post-it Notes
Post-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.
It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.
3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.
B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.
C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.
D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.
答案：A
4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.
B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.
C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.
D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.
答案：B
5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.
B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.
C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.
D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.
答案：C
6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.
B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.
C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.
D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.
答案：D
托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)
Sand Dunes
1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.
2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.
3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.
4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.
Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.
amount of
sand·
·
direction of
winds·
·
Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):
(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.
(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.
(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.
(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.
(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.
(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.
(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.
参考答案：
第一栏：(5)、(7)
第二栏：(1)、(3)
William Faulkner
1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.
2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.
3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries suffered during a fall from a horse.
Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.
Faulkner in the first phase of his career·
Faulkner in the second phase of his career·
Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):
(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers
(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim
(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident
(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim
(5) Was considered merely a regional writer
(6) Wrote novels about various American regions
(7) Made his living as a novelist
(8) Made his living with writing other than novels
参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)
托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)
修辞目的性题
Xerography
1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.
2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.
1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to
(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry
(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials
(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry
(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed
2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?
(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.
(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.
(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.
(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.
3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to
(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement
(B) provide another example of conductivity
(C) provide further detail information about toner
(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner
4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?
(A) It is an alternative to xerography.
(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.
(C) It is a second example of xerography.
(D) It is a less
effective
type of xerography than is a photocopier.
正确答案：D_A_C_C
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