托福阅读推理题解题思路

时间：2020-06-06 08:27:46 楚薇0由分享

　　托福阅读中的推理题是很多同学害怕的题型，下面小编就带你找一些方法去攻略它。

托福阅读之推理题备考方法

　　一、推理题的标志

　　推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。

　　二、推理题的做法

　　对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。

　　对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：

　　1. 一般对比推理

　　ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

　　例如：

　　It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

　　B. There were great numbers of them.

　　C. They lived in the sea only.

　　D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　2. 时间对比推理

　　这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

　　例：

　　Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

　　…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

　　It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

　　(A) families were larger.

　　(B) population statistics were unreliable.

　　(D) economic conditions were bad.

　　3.集合概念推理

　　集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。

　　例：

　　A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

　　By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

　　What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

　　(A) They value folk cultures.

　　(B) They have no social classes.

　　(D) They do not value individualism.

　　以上就是托福阅读推理题的做法，大家可以根据题干标志圈定托福阅读推理题的范围，然后运用本文中的技巧，一举搞定推理题!

　　托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比逻辑关系

　　很多同学最近一直和我抱怨，托福阅读中的推理题好难啊，很多题目的正确选项在文中都找不到，说好的忠于原文，说好的不用多想，不用为作者分忧解难呢?这时候我会偷笑，因为你们碰到的是细节题的升级版本—─推理题!我们平时在阅读教学中一直和同学强调，阅读要忠于原文，不要大开脑洞，所有答案均出现在原文中。唯独有一种题目即推理题，需要学生不仅在文中找到相关依据，还要根据这个依据走一步推理的过程，才能得出答案。

　　今天就想和大家分享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种逻辑推理关系 — 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。

　　Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

　　What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

　　A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

　　B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

　　C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

　　D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

　　这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜索定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告诉我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应该就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发现whales的特征。原文最后一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。

　　再来看一道稍难的题目吧

　　Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

　　What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

　　A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

　　B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

　　C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

　　D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

　　此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最后一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最后位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们非常熟悉的逻辑关系—─类比关系。来看这句话 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告诉我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也应该有相似地功能。

　　我想，只要我们的同学能够熟练掌握这种逻辑推理方法，将来一定可以避免在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的困境。

　　托福阅读：推断题的解题方法

　　你还在害怕做推断题吗?

　　调查：你认为哪种题目最难

　　托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南, 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。

　　毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。

　　那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?

　　今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。

　　题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词

　　考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。

　　考查形式一：对比推断

　　A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?

　　解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。

　　注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…

　　例题

　　The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

　　What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

　　○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

　　○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

　　○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

　　○They did not operate in a national market economy.

　　答案D

　　对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

　　B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?

　　解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。

　　注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。

　　例题

　　Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

　　○There were great numbers of them.

　　○They lived in the sea only.

　　○They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　答案A

　　对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　考查形式二：细节推断

　　考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。

　　解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。

　　例题

　　Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

　　○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

　　○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

　　○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

　　○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

　　答案C

　　AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

　　BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

　　C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

　　综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：

　　1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。