雅思阅读真题重点推荐：Otters水獭

做好雅思的阅读题除了掌握对的方法，也离不开我们日常的辛勤练习，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读真题重点推荐：Otters水獭，一起加油吧！

雅思阅读真题重点推荐：Otters水獭

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

A)Otters are scmiaqualic (or in the case of the sea otter, aquatic) monirnals. rHiey ure mi'inbers of the Mustelid family which includes badgers, polecats, martens, weasels, stoats an have inluibited the earth for the last 30 million years and over the years have undergone subtle changes to the carnivore bodies to exploit the rich aquatic environment. Otters have long liiin body and short legs~ideal for pushing dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and 30 pounds. Females are smaller, around 16 pounds typically. The Eurasian otter nose is about ihc smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shidlow "W".An otter's tail (or rudder, or stern) is stoul at tlie base and tapers towards the tip where il flattens. ITiis forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Oder fur consists of iwo types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and undcrfiir which is dense and fine，equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear. The fur must he kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water gets in the fur. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts ofT in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.

B) Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger. Otterine sense of smell is likely to similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and arc probably short-siglited on land. Bui they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water In clear water and good liglit, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it c-an see and breulhc oven when the rest of die body is submerg'd, "The long whiskers growing iinmnd the muzzle are used to detect the presence of fish. They detect regular vihrutions cruised by the beat of the fish's tail as it swims awuy. I'his tdlows otters to hunt even in very murky water. Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not lo the very end. Giant otters ami sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter lias no webbing-they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they need the swimming speed. Otter ears are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.

C A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable liabitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures. they will prefer territories where mail's activities do nol impinge grcally. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence-this has only become significant again recently as populalions start to recover. A typical range for a mule river otter might he 25km of river, a female's range loss than half this. I lowcver, ihc pnMluclivity of the river affecls ihis hugely and one sitidy found male ranges between 12 and 80km. Coastal oilers havr a mucli more abundant Uwd supply aiul ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometers of coastline. Because male ranges are usually larger, a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females. Otters will eat anytliing that they can get hold of there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs gobbled. Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, oralis and water birds. Small munmmls are occasionally taken, most mmmonly rabbits but soinelimes even moles.

D )Eurasian otters will bretnJ any time where food is readily available. In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs arc bom in Spring, This ensures that they are wdl grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands. cubs are bam in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female muy have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of North American river otter whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation.

E )Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are linceing the most common). For some unknown reason, a^astal otters lend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes~a liny cub of 700g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At five weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she ttan chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax-until the next fella shows up.

F) The plight of the British oiler was recognised in the early 60s,but it wasn^t until the late 70s that ihe chief cause was discovered. Pcslicides. such as diddrin and aldriiu were first used in 1955 in iigriculture and other industries--these clicmiads are very persistenl and liad already been recognised as the muse of huge declines in the population of ficregrinc falcons, sparrowhawks and oilier predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain-micro-organisms. fish and finally otters, with every step increasing ihc concentration of the chemicals. From 1962 the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not and continued to fall into the 80s/niis was probably mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on popuIations fragmented by the sudden decimalion in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spoil the end.

G )Otter numkiers anr recovering all around Britain--populations arc growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to law and conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive-bred otters is seen by many as a last resort, The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and when there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able lo expand inlo the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough im|petus for it to stabilise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished the 1980s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely. Great news because it means it is no longer needed.

题目：

Questions 1-9 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 A description of how otters regulate vision underwater

2 The fit-for-purpose characteristics of otter's body shape

3 A reference to an underdeveloped sense

4 An explanation of why agriculture failed in otter conservation efforts

5 A description of some of the otter’s social characteristics

6 A description of how baby otters grow

7 The conflicted opinions on how to preserve

8 A reference to a legislative act

9 An explanation of how otters compensate for heat loss

Questions 10-13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet

10 What affects the outer fur of otters?

11 What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters?

12 Which type of otters has the shortest range?

13 Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?

雅思阅读--语言递归性影响不可忽略

一、引言

递归(recursion)是递归论(recursive theory)中的一个术语。递归论亦称递归函数论或能行性理论，是数理逻辑中研究可计算性理论(computability theory)的分支，它通过对数论函数的研究深刻揭示能行过程的本质。

递归的实质是指一种循环结构，它把“较复杂”情形的计算，递次地归结为“较简单” 直至“最简单”情形的计算，并得到计算结果为止。本文拟探讨语言递归性在雅思阅读文章中的体现及其对答题思路的启示。

二、语言递归的层次和方式

在英语测试中，对语篇递归性及其不同形式的认识和把握将直接影响到考试答题的效率。试举一个简单的例子，在英语听力测试中有这样一段对话：

A: Are you coming tonight? (Q1)

B: Can I bring a guest? (Q2)

A: Male or female? (Q3)

B: What difference does that make? (Q4)

A: An issue of balance. (A4)

B: Female. (A3)

A: Sure you can. (A2)

B: I will be there. (A1)

相邻对是会话的基本组成单位。会话的典型话轮模式之一是提问(Q)- 回答(A)。以上对话就是几个相邻对层层相套(从属内嵌)，其结构形式可以表示为：Q1(Q2(Q3(Qn–An)A3)A2)A1，这就是语篇的从属递归。

在听力测试中，考生往往对(Q1-A1)(Q2-A2)(Q3-A3)(Qn–An)这样的并列递归模式过于依赖，不熟悉或是忽略了基于从属内嵌模式的话轮转换技巧，对话轮的语意转换产生错误的预判，从而严重影响了听力理解和答题的能力。

三、语篇递归与雅思阅读答题技能

英国语言学家M.Hoey提出了一种英语语篇中最常见的结构模式(简称SPRE模式)：情景(Situation)→ 问题(Problem)→ 反应(Response)→ 评价(Evaluation)。

这一结构在语篇中可能重复出现，层层相套，即结构模式的多层次性或再循环，也就是语篇结构的递归。雅思阅读文章题材非常广泛，而文体相对单一，绝大多数是说明性和议论性相结合的实用文体，其内容结构通常呈现SPRE基本模式或其部分模式构建成分的并列、从属或并列从属递归形式。

在雅思备考过程中，对真题语篇基本结构模式及其递归形式的分析将有助于快速定位和主题归纳等答题技能的培养与提高。

1.语篇递归与结构性定位及相关答题策略

雅思阅读答题技能的核心环节之一是快速准确定位。定位有顺序原则、逻辑关系、主题一致等不同的方法，而其中一个重要方法就是根据对语篇递归形式的分析，从内容结构层次上确定一系列题干在原文中转述对应信息的大致位置。如雅思阅读核心题型之一的Summary(摘要题)，其题干在语篇层次上的递归一般都会在原文获得体现，从而为定位提供重要的线索。例如：

Complete the summary below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22 . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23 ______ moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24 . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 are emitted.(剑桥4/Test3/Reading Passage2/ Q22 – Q26)

这一题干呈现出明显的情景(Situation)并列的语篇递归形式，即：“There are different types of eruption(有不同的喷发类型)// Examples of this type of eruption (喷发类型的例子)// A third type of eruption(第三种喷发类型)”。

其语篇结构可以表述为：S1 + S2 + S3。根据雅思阅读的命题规律，原文中一般会体现相应的递归，其涵盖的语篇范围正是答题信息点集中出现的位置。在本题中，原文的Section C的内容结构就是典型的关于喷发类型的情景并列递归：“Every eruption is different // Sometimes it is slow // Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly // The biggest eruptions are”(剑桥4/Test3/Reading Passage2)，其涵盖的内容集中给出了Q23 – Q26的答案(magma, western India, explodes, gases)。

雅思阅读的语篇或语段中S1 + S2 + …+ Sn的情景并列递归较为常见，且通常包含多个连续考点。本题的定位技巧就是利用题干语篇关于喷发类型的情景并列递归形式，在原文中寻读相应的并列结构，从而快速确定一系列答案信息在文章中的大致位置。

雅思阅读--三大障碍如何短时高效突破

问题一：遇到生词，束手无策，无法正常进行阅读和做题

雅思阅读考试文章来源于国外原版的期刊或杂志，话题覆盖面广，科技，自然，环保，社会，文化，工作，生物，地理等无不涉及，所以遇到生词在情理之中。

但一部分烤鸭遇到生词后就信心全失，慌乱至极，打破了自己原有的阅读节奏和速度，做题时也因为生词被卡壳，结果题目不仅没有解出，还影响了后面的做题速度和时间，可谓“一发动而迁全身”。对此，专家认为，生词的出现在所难免，只要大家有基本的词汇量，完全可以将生词的问题逐一击破。

A. 有时候生词属于比较专业的词汇，它们的出现不是为了考察考生的词汇量，更多的是检阅大家的应变和判断能力。尤其在题目中出现的所谓生词，更是可以坏事变好事，成为考生定位答案的线索词。

比如：在剑桥7 “Why pagodas don't fall down”一文，5-10题的分类题中第6题“tiles on eaves”，很可能考生在三个单词中有两个都不认识，这时候如何是好呢?首先，先观察这两个生词的词性。在介词“on”的前后，且分别加了“s”， 可以判断是名词。在这篇建筑类的文章中论及我们不认识的名词，想必不是日常词汇，所以完全可以把“tiles”和“eaves”作为定位词去原文寻找答案。

B. 有时候生词的含义可以在上下文中直接得到。在阅读文章时遇到的生词，有相当一部分的含义可以通过多种猜测单词的方法得到，所以，在生词的周围或上下文寻找其解释不失为有效途径。

问题二：不能权衡做题的优先性，无法把握做题时间

很多考生在面对雅思阅读考试时，都会感叹时间不够，有的考生会剩下半篇文章没有读完，更有甚者，一个小时只够用来做两篇文章。其中做题速度无法达到要求的原因有很多，词汇量，阅读方法，做题技巧无一不是。

此外，还有一个很重要的因素：不会取舍，不会衡量做题的优先性。专家提示，雅思阅读3篇文章，存在难易程度的差别。考生应选择自己擅长或熟悉的话题文章优先做。

而对一篇文章而言，做题顺序可以如下排布：Heading题 ---- 填空型题(表格，图示，简答，summary， 完成句子) ---- 判断题 ---- 选择型题(单选，多选)，平均每篇文章的做题时间控制在20min， 如时间到，还有少量题目(1-2题)没有做完，可放宽少许时间完成。若还余留多题未完成，建议先舍弃，做下一篇文章，因为不排除下一篇文章，看似文章话题难，但题目容易的情况。难度系数高的题目在每个人面前都一样，我们希望确保容易的题目百分百的拿下。

问题三：对题目考点把握不清，不知如何确定keywords

很多考生在平时的练习和考场上面对划keywords总是单一的跟着感觉走，或是将一道题目中大部分的词都划下来作为keywords， 完全失了方向和重点，直接导致答案很难在原文锁定。所以，keywords是对题目的浓缩，也是题目的线索词，更是考点。考生们应该在平时的课堂和练习中，多加总结考点词的特点，以达到用一到两个词就涵盖整个题目的效果。利用keywords定位答案，更集中目标，更有方向性。

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