托福听力TPO12真题分类之环境科学
托福听力考试贯穿于整个考试中，很多题目都涉及听力，所以建议同学们要重视托福词汇的记忆，下面是小编给同学们带来的托福听力TPO12分类之环境科学，跟着小编的脚步一起来认真分析一下吧!
托福听力TPO12分类之环境科学
Lecture 4 (environmental science)
Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.
Professor
All right folks, let's continue our discussion of alternative energy sources and move on to what's probably the most well-known alternative energy source - solar energy. The sun basically provides earth with a virtually unlimited source of energy every day, but the problem has always been how do we tap this source of energy.
Can anyone think of why it's so difficult to make use of solar energy?
Female student
Because it’s hard to…um… gather it?
Professor
That's exACTly it. Solar energy is everywhere, but it's also quite diffused. And the thing is the dream of solar energy is not a new one. Humanity has been trying to use the sun's light as a reliable source of energy for centuries. And around the beginning of the 20th century there were ACTually some primitive solar water heaters on the consumer market. But they didn't sell very well. Any of you wanna guess why?
Female student
Well, there were other energy choices like oil and natural gas, right?
Professor
Yeah, and for better or for worse, we chose to go down that path as a society. When you consider economic fACTors, it's easy to see why. But then in the 1970s, there was an interest in solar energy again. Why do you think that happened?
Male student
Because oil and natural gas were...er...became scarce?
Professor
Well, not exACTly. The amount of oil and natural gas in the earth was still plentiful, but there were other reasons. It's a political thing really and I'm gonna get into that now. So what happened in the 1970s was oil and natural gas became very expensive very quickly, and that spurred people to start looking into alternative forms of energy, solar energy probably being the most popular. But then in the 80s, this trend reversed itself when the price of oil and natural gas went down. All right. Let's shift our focus now to some of the technologies that have been invented to overcome the problem of gathering diffused solar energy. The most basic solution is simply to carefully place windows in a building, so that the sun shines into the building and then it's absorbed and converted into heat. Can anyone think of where this is most commonly used?
Female student
Greenhouses.
Professor
Yep, greenhouses, where plants are kept warm and provided with sunlight because the walls of the building are made entirely of glass. But we do also have more complex systems that are used for space heating and they fall into two categories: passive and ACTive heating systems. Passive systems take advantage of the location or design of a house. For example, solar energy is gathered through large glass panels facing the sun.
The heat is then stored in water-filled tanks or concrete. No mechanical devices are used in passive heating systems. They operate with little or no mechanical assistance. With ACTive systems, on the other hand, you collect the solar energy at one location, and then you use pumps and fans to move heat from the collectors through a plumbing system to a tank, where it can be used to heat a home or to just provide hot water.
Male student
Excuse me professor, but I've got to ask. How can solar energy work at night or on cloudy days?
Professor
That's...well...that is a really good question. As a matter of fACT, science is still working on it, trying to find ways of enhancing energy storage techniques so that the coming of night or cloudy days really wouldn't matter.
That is the biggest drawback to solar energy - the problem of what do you do in cases where the sun's light is weak or virtually non-present. So the storage of solar energy, lots of solar energy, is a really important aspect.
Female student
Does that mean that solar energy can only be used on a small scale, like heating a home?
Professor
Well ACTually, there have been some attempts to build solar energy power plants. The world's largest solar power plant is located in Kramer Junction California. It can generate 194 megawatts of electric power, but that's just a drop in the bucket. Right now the utility companies are interested in increasing the capacity of the Kramer Junction Plant, but only time will tell if it will ever develop into a major source of power for that region, considering the economic and political fACTors involved.
托福听力对话常见词：学术研究
1. hypothesis 假说
2. hypothesize v.假设
3. alternative hypothesis 另一种假说
4. null hypothesis 无效假说, 零假说
5. collect data 收集信息
6. process data 处理信息
7. survey 调查
8. questionnaire 问卷
9. experiment 实验
10. interfere(实验)干预
11. observation 观察
12. analyze data 分析数据
13. interpret data 解释数据
14. analytical 分析的
15. experiment subject 实验对象
16. sample 样品
17. control group 控制组(被实验的)
18. reference group 参照组(未经实验的)
19. field research 实地研究
托福听力对话常见词：校园工作
1. letter of reference/recommendation 推荐信
2. competitive 有竞争力的
3. benefit future career 对未来职业有帮助
4. qualification资格/qualified 合格的
5. Resume, CV 简历
6. financial aid 经济援助
7. scholarship 奖学金
8. fellowship 学术奖金
9. teaching assistantship 助教奖学金
10. research assistantship 研究奖学金
11. grant 助学金
12. loan 贷款
13. need-based以需求为基础
14. merit-based 以优秀为基础
15. student union/government 学生会
16. Society / association / club 协会
17. membership 成员资格
18. career service center 就业指导中心
托福听力对话常见词：住宿篇
1. campus housing 校内住宿
2. on/off campus 校内/外
3. accommodation n.住处, 膳宿
4. residential area 住宿区
5. apartment 公寓
6. dormitory(dorm)宿舍
7. lounge n.(公共)休闲区
8. roommate 室友
9. corridor n. 走廊,过道
10. lease n.租借, 租约
11. landlord 房东/ landlady女房东
12. rent 租金
13. tenant 房客
14. balcony 阳台
15. single room 单人房
16. double room 双人房
17. housing maintenance 宿舍维修
18. water pipe 水管
19. heating system 暖气
20. electric heater 电加热器
21. air conditioning 空调
22. leakage 漏水
23. custodian 宿舍管理员
24. janitor 看门人，清洁人员
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