怎样理解托福听力中“举例子”
如何理解托福听力中 举例子?在托福考试中，运用举例说明来丰富自己的答案是必不可少的，尤其是在口语和作文中考试中，但是托福听力客观题题的考察项目中，例子也是一项举足轻重的地位，那么如何回答相关问题呢 ?下面 小编为大家分析。
怎样理解托福听力中“举例子”
在托福听力对话中，是不是student动不动就说 one of my classmate told me 巴拉巴拉，或者是when I graduated from high school 的时候做过啥事?在一些讲座中，老师讲到动物会不会照镜子的时候就列举了好多动物的行为?这些examples可能都会成为托福听力的考点。
例如：TPO 18的 conversation 1的第三题：
3. Why does the student mention hosting foreign-exchange students?
A. To explain his interest in a particular field of study
B. To explain why he is looking for a job so late in the semester
C. To explain why he would like to be an exchange student the following year
D. To explain how he learned his computer skills
这篇对话的主旨是一男生转学到新学校，询问兼职工作的事情。在老师询问学生，为何选择该校专业时，男生向老师阐述了自己的家庭和个人经历还解释自己对于所学专业的喜爱。我们听力的是statement +example 这样的形式，特殊的在于：老师的提问引出了需要阐明的观点或者是态度，而学生通过例子来回答了老师的问题。这些考点主要根据说话人对于经历的回忆来说明自己的态度。
我们来看下对应的文本：
Professor: We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies? Student: My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.
Professor: OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. …
在这里我们看到，老师提出的问题，学生没有直接回答，而是回忆小时候的事情来阐述自己为什么选择 international study 这个专业来学习。在对话中引出例子的主要意义在于解释说话人的观点，推动对话的进行。
那么在讲座中，例子是如何进行考察的呢?我们还是来看一个例子。例如, TPO 24中的 lecture 4的第四题：
4. Why does the professor mention a bottle?
A. To illustrate the shape of the interior of a passage grave
B. To describe part of a Neolithic burial ceremony
C. To help explain how resonance is produced
D. To give an example of an artifact found in a Neolithic site
对应的原文是： Michael: How so? Professor: Well, first the echoes. When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the…(此处省略若干)… And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance. I know physics, but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes. And you probably notice that depending on its size--- each empty bottle plays one particular music note. Or it is the physics might put it, each bottle resonates at a particular frequency. Well, that's true of these chambers too.
从这些例子可以看到，学生提出问题，老师先给出答案，接着提出例子 bottle 来详细阐释原理。这篇考古学讲座的主旨是：The sound effects that Neolithic people could experience in passage graves, 而从主旨的角度出发，那么这道题目答案就选出C。甚至夸张地来说，考生没有听到这个例子也是可以直接选到C的，原因是只有答案C选项中有resonance(声音共鸣，共振)是和主旨对应的。
举例是托福口语中的运用是非常普遍的，考生们在遇到这类题型需要细心对待，根据上述的方法多加练习，争取考出好的成绩。
在托福考试中，运用举例说明来丰富自己的答案是必不可少的，尤其是在口语和作文中考试中，但是托福听力，在客观题题的考察项目中，例子也是一项举足轻重的地位，那么如何回答相关问题呢?下面三立在线小编为大家意义分析。
在托福听力对话中，是不是student动不动就说 one of my classmate told me 巴拉巴拉，或者是when I graduated from high school 的时候做过啥事?在一些讲座中，老师讲到动物会不会照镜子的时候就列举了好多动物的行为?这些examples可能都会成为托福听力的考点。 例如：TPO 18的 conversation 1的第三题：
3. Why does the student mention hosting foreign-exchange students?
A. To explain his interest in a particular field of study
B. To explain why he is looking for a job so late in the semester
C. To explain why he would like to be an exchange student the following year
D. To explain how he learned his computer skills
这篇对话的主旨是一男生转学到新学校，询问兼职工作的事情。在老师询问学生，为何选择该校专业时，男生向老师阐述了自己的家庭和个人经历还解释自己对于所学专业的喜爱。我们听力的是statement +example 这样的形式，特殊的在于：老师的提问引出了需要阐明的观点或者是态度，而学生通过例子来回答了老师的问题。这些考点主要根据说话人对于经历的回忆来说明自己的态度。
我们来看下对应的文本：
Professor: We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies? Student: My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.
Professor: OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. …
在这里我们看到，老师提出的问题，学生没有直接回答，而是回忆小时候的事情来阐述自己为什么选择 international study 这个专业来学习。在对话中引出例子的主要意义在于解释说话人的观点，推动对话的进行。
那么在讲座中，例子是如何进行考察的呢?我们还是来看一个例子。例如, TPO 24中的 lecture 4的第四题：
4. Why does the professor mention a bottle?
A. To illustrate the shape of the interior of a passage grave
B. To describe part of a Neolithic burial ceremony
C. To help explain how resonance is produced
D. To give an example of an artifact found in a Neolithic site
对应的原文是： Michael: How so? Professor: Well, first the echoes. When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the…(此处省略若干)… And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance. I know physics, but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes. And you probably notice that depending on its size--- each empty bottle plays one particular music note. Or it is the physics might put it, each bottle resonates at a particular frequency. Well, that's true of these chambers too.
从这些例子可以看到，学生提出问题，老师先给出答案，接着提出例子 bottle 来详细阐释原理。这篇考古学讲座的主旨是：The sound effects that Neolithic people could experience in passage graves, 而从主旨的角度出发，那么这道题目答案就选出C。甚至夸张地来说，考生没有听到这个例子也是可以直接选到C的，原因是只有答案C选项中有resonance(声音共鸣，共振)是和主旨对应的。
托福听力中的举例细节题
首先来认识一下举例细节题。举例细节题就是用例子说明概念，很多时候ETS会考察所举例子和说话人的论点间的逻辑关系。所以我们经常看见的举例细节题是这样的：
Why does the professor mention/say/talk about/discuss…?
或少数时候，它们也可以跟重听结合：
Why does the speaker say this?
无论是那种形式的考察，要想做好举例细节题，就要听好例子，以及上下文逻辑，这就需要我们在听听力的时候要有足够的预判能力：哪里有可能出现这样的题目。那我们就一层一层剥开举例细节题的高频出题点：
第一层是比较明显的举例表达，比如：for example, for instance, take … for example, take…, like… 等。只要说话者说要举例，就一定注意例子部分，以及例子和上下文的关系。比如TPO 15 L1第10题：
Why does the professor mention a high way?
A. To compare two experiments designed to study distraction.
B. To give an example of when area V5 might be activated.
C. To describe a limitation in the brain’s processing capacity.
D. To make a point about the effect of distractions on driving.
原文中，教授是这么说的：Lavie thinks the solution lies in the brain’ s ability to accept or ignore visual information. She thinks its capacity is limited. It’ s like a highway. When there are too many cars, traffic is stopped. No one can get on. So when the brain is loaded to capacity, no new distractions can be perceived .
笔记顺着教授讲的思路记下来的话，Lavie的想法是capacity is limited，然后用like类比，limited capacity就和highway建立了联系，而题目也正是考察这种联系，所以倒着推到like的前一句就是举例的逻辑答案。选C。
除了比较明显的直接用举例或类比的词句连接外，举例细节还会披上另一层马甲，那就是：“跑题”讲故事讲自己，或讲自己的故事。每当听力中的说话者想借助小故事让自己的想法更浅显易懂的时候，考生们就不得轻松了，这时要特别注意他们讲的故事和上下文的逻辑关系。比如TPO 34 C1第3题：
Why does the woman mention walking in the woods?
A. It is the possible topic of a story she will write.
B. It is what she does to get inspiration for writing.
C. It is an activity that she enjoys very much.
D. It is the setting of her favorite short story.
在原文中，教授想给学生解释一个道理：Well, in fact, I’d hope you’d see that. Of course, there are many levels to this story, but what I really want the class to take away from it was that you don’t need to write about the great, exciting world when you write your stories, uh, even writing about a memory can work.
学生表示明白：Like I could write about one of the times I took a walk in the woods when I was a kid.
教授表示赞同： Exactly!
这道题目中，学生自己的小经历I took a walk in the woods when I was a kid正是对前面教授想说的内容的具体说明，所以逻辑关系就是在前面一句：writing about a memory can work，所以选A答案。而B 答案中的inspiration与memory相差甚远，所以不选。
再比如TPO 17 L4 第13题：
Why does the professor first mention Proteus?
A. To explain how the octopus got its scientific name
B. To introduce the octopus' exceptional abilities
C. To point out that the octopus played an important role in Greek mythology
D. To provide an example of a mythological character that was part animal and part human
原文中，教授是想讲个故事给学生：Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteus? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly. Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations.
顺着教授的思路听下来的话，刚开始可能会疑惑，怎么刚讲的是octopus，现在又成了Proteus呢?跑题了吧?这时，“跑题”讲故事就是高频题点了。“跑题”的目的对应后面的总结句：Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. 所以选B答案。
最后一层，也是举例细节题比较难识别的一层，就是教授讲课时把问题抛回给学生的表达，如：if you…, imagine…, consider…, think of…等等。教授在讲课时，有时会让学生设身处地想象一些场景，这样讲座会更多样。听力中若听到类似的表达，一定注意教授为什么让学生自己imagine/consider/think。比如TPO 19 L3第8题：
Why does the professor mention reddish mud on the roots of a spartina?
A. To illustrate the high density of salt-marsh soil
B. To explain how spartina rhizomes move through the soil
C. To point out the problems spartinas face in getting fresh water
D. To provide evidence that oxygen is present in the spartina’s roots
原文中教授是这么说的：
Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen, so Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed. If you pull up a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots, this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.
让学生开始想象前，教授谈的是spartina怎么通过空气管把氧气运到根部的，所以让学生想象的场景：you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots，正是跟前面的理论the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed 严格对应的;而教授在描述完场景If you pull up a Spartina 以后，又补充了类似的话：this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust. 想象的场景前后都安插了oxygen，所以这道题严格的逻辑回答应该是D答案。
所以，要攻克举例细节题，要注意三类高频出题点：举例或类比for example时，“跑题”讲故事时，以及让学生想象一些场景时。听到类似的出题点，注意把握好例子和它前面的句子、或后面衔接句的逻辑关系，这样举例细节题就能迎刃而解了。
托福听力TPO练习四步走
step1：tpo实战模拟
新托福听力部分有2个section，每一个section包含1个对话和2个讲座共17道题，1个section的答题时间为10分钟，一个section做题时间到了以后会自动跳入下一个sec-tion。很多考生在没有时间压力下的正确率远远高于限时做题，大量的限时训练会使考生慢慢适应考试的紧迫感并有效提高选项判断的速度。
step2：精听文章
很多同学题目做完并且对完答案就结束了，但往往会忽略提高听力基本功的大好机会――精听。通过精听能够发现自己的听力盲点所在，然后核查文本扫清语言障碍，并且可以更好地理解文章结构及考点。通常听力障碍包括词汇的掌握以及连读失爆等特殊语音现象的听辨，当然除了这些浅层次的听力障碍，我们还要尤其关注文中的一些推理，态度及上下文之间的逻辑关系，这些往往是同学易错的考点，所以要通过大量的精听来总结常考考点所在，从而加强对常考考点信息的敏感程度。在精听的同时可以比对第一步做题时做的笔记，便可以发现自己记下的哪些内容是多余的，而哪些考到的考点自己却没有记下来。
step3：分析选项
托福听力难在部分题目的选项干扰性极强，特别是在文章听得不是很有把握的情况下，很容易犹豫不决，耽误做题速度。所以我们不光是要能选出正确选项，还要明确的知道错误选项错在哪里，在进行大量篇章的选项分析之后，同学们会熟悉常见的干扰选项类型，对正确选项类型更加敏感，从而加快做题速度。这一步我们可以比对第一步做题的结果，总结自己常错的题型，从而在听力中额外关注这些考点。
step4：口头复述
听力是个输入的过程，而口语是输出的过程，精听完成后我们可以立刻尝试将文章做一个简单的口头复述，这样既巩固了词汇，同时又会加深对文章结构和考点的认识，而且这个过程也可以训练托福口语的综合题型，可谓是事半功倍!
托福听力词汇备考需注重单词读音
注意点一：不要轻视托福听力中的短词。什么是短词呢?短词与长词是相对应的。与长词相比，短词的字母较少，读起来也十分顺口。很多考生将备考的重点放在了长词的备考上，觉得长难词考察的几率较大。其实，这是备考中的一个误区。托福听力考试的重点还是常见词汇不同用法上，因此与其花费时间和精力去记忆哪些难记的长词，不如将更多的时间放在常用词汇的备考上。
注意点二：一味地注重单词的拼写，却忽略了单词的读音。由于很多考生没有英语学习的环境，背单词的时候，都是以默写为主，所以当托福听力中出现了考生背过的单词之后，考生无法做到第一时间反应出来，甚至有可能完全没有意识到这是背过的单词。因此，我们在备考时，还是要熟悉单词的正确发音，避免哑巴英语。
注意点三：加强对俚语和习语的掌握。俚语和习语的背后，包含着文化内涵。我们可以适当掌握一些俚语，从多个角度了解英美国家文化。
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怎样理解托福听力中“举例子”
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