2015年考研英语真题(2)

2015年考研英语真题

　　TEXT 2

　　Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

　　California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

　　The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

　　They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.

　　But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

　　26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

　　[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.

　　[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.

　　[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

　　[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

　　27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of

　　[A] tolerance.

　　[B] indifference.

　　[C] disapproval.

　　[D] cautiousness.

　　28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to

　　[A] getting into ones residence.

　　[B] handing ones historical records.

　　[C] scanning ones correspondences.

　　[D] going through ones wallet.

　　29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

　　[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

　　[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

　　[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

　　[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.

　　30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that

　　(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

　　(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

　　(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.

　　(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

　　26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.

　　27.Cdisapproval

　　28.A getting into ones residence

　　29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected

　　30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution

　　Text 3

　　The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.

　　Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these

　　Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.

　　Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.

　　John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

　　Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.

　　31. It can be learned from graph I that

　　[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

　　[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

　　[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

　　[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

　　32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to

　　[A]found.

　　[B]revised.

　　[C]marked

　　[D]stored

　　33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

　　[A]pose a threat to all its peers

　　[B]meet with strong opposition

　　[C]increase Sciences circulation.

　　[D]set an example for other journals

　　34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

　　A. adds to researchers worklosd.

　　B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

　　C. has room for further improvement.

　　D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

　　35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

　　B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

　　C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks

　　D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

　　31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks

　　32.B marked

　　33. D set an example for other journals

　　34. C has room for further improvement

　　35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers