17英语语法八大时态
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17英语语法八大时态：一般现在时
(一)定义：表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格和能力及客观真理。例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning.
(二)构成：主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。She reads English everyday .
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning .
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他?Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他?Where does Jam work?
(四)用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month, once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等连用。
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。The sun rises in the east .
3、根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。I'll tell him the news when he comes back.
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了“描述现阶段的动作或状态”，其重点“不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态”。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.
5、在口语中，有些表示移动的动词，其一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或时间表要发生的事，句中通常有一个表示未来时间的状语。这些动词有go，come，leave，arrive，return，begin，start，be等 The Browns come back tonight.
6、以here，there开头的倒装句，一般现在时可表示目前正在发生的动作 。Here comes the bus.
7、有少数动词(如say，tell，hear等)可以用一般现在时表示过去发生的情况 I hear you want a servant.
8、一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。
Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
(五)动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;如：help-helps ,clean-cleans ,give-gives等。
2、以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;如：fix-fixes,watch-watches等。
3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;如：fly-flies等。
4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has
5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is
17英语语法八大时态：一般过去时
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，
句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形;一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
(二)句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。I was in Beijing yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他?Did +主语+V原+其他?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他?特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他?
(三)用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street .
【注】①表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，也可用“used to+动词原形”的结构。My mother used to go to school on foot.这种结构的否定式和疑问式可用助动词do，也可不用助动词来构成：don’t use to=usedn’t to
②有些情况发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用一般过去时
I was glad to get your letter.
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained .
4、讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时，而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.
5、句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。
6、 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
句型：It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
句型：would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
7、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着)
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else?
2)情态动词 could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike?
17英语语法八大时态：一般将来时
(一)概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
(二)结构
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。He will arrive here this evening .
2、shall+动词原形(常用于主语为第一人称)I shall / will not be free tomorrow .
3、be going to+动词原形(打算、准备做某事)He is going to fly to Lodon.
(三)用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day(week，month，year....)， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow ,by...， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week .
2、用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.
3、be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
4、表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。
I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.
5、一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。Here comes the bus.
3)在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me.
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
6、用现在进行时表示将来：下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。 I'm leaving tomorrow.
7、shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与
第二人称连用。Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?/ Will you please open the door for me?
8、“be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。
An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
17英语语法八大时态：过去将来时
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个“将来”时间绝不会延伸到“现在”;而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。
(一)、用法
1、宾语从句或间接引语中When I thought about it,I wondered what their reaction would be.
2、表示过去习惯性的动作During that period,he would do exercises every day.
3、表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。
They knew that we would never permit such a thing.
4、Be going+动词不定式、be+动词不定式、be about+动词不定式，变成过去式后，都相当于过去将来时。 She was going to sell her old car and buy a new one.
5、过去进行时表示过去将来的概念，常用于位置转移的动词，如go，come，leave等。 He told me he was leaving in an hour.
6、在时间、条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
17英语语法八大时态：现在进行时
(一)结构：由 Be(am/is/are) +动词—ing 构成。
(二)用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动
作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。 She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)
4、表示移位的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak .
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+ be(am/is/are) +动词—ing +其他。I am studying now .
2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。I am not studying now .
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing +其他?Is she studying now ? Yes ,she is ./No,she isn’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他?
17英语语法八大时态：过去进行时
(一)结构：由was/were+动词-ing构成。
(二)用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
注意：(1)以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。When he called me , I was having dinner .
(2)以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
2、与always，constantly，forever等副词连用，带有感情色彩 He was always ringing me up.
3、过去进行时可表示过去某时打算要做的事或预计要发生的事
Mr. Brown was coming to dinner.
4、有时用hope，think，wonder的过去进行时表示现在的想法，可以显得客气一点 I was wondering whether you could give me some advice.
17英语语法八大时态：过去完成时
(一)概念：过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态，即过去的过去。图示如下：
----|-------------------------- |---------------------------|----------------------->
过去完成 过去 现在 将来
(二)构成
1、肯定句：主语+had+过去分词When we got there, the football match had already started.
2、否定句：主语+had not+过去分词He hadn’t worked for two years by then.
3、疑问句：had+主语+过去分词…?Had he finished the work by last month?
(三)用法
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态; 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said she had never been to Paris.
4、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
5、by the time “直到……时候”。指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。 By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.
6、表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
练习：
(一)、
35. — Listen, the music _____________sweet.— It's Yesterday Once More, my favorite.
A. sounds B. smells C. feels
37. — Hello, may I speak to Mr. Smith?— Sorry, he isn't in. He _____________the office.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been away
43. — Our classroom____________every day.— So it is. It's our duty to keep it clean and tidy.
A. cleans B. is cleaning C. is cleaned
36. “Have you ever been to Tokyo?” “Yes, I ______ there twice. It’s a modern city.”
A. have gone B. have been C. had gone
39. In order to make our hometown more beautiful, trees _______ around the city every year.
A. plant B. are planted C. will plant
35. To protect the environment, supermarket don’t _____ free plastic bags to shoppers.
A.take B. show C. provide D. carry
41. --Let's discuss the plan, shall we?--Not now. I_____ to an interview.
A. go B. went C. am going D. was going
49. The task____ in an hour. Then we can go home and have a good rest.
A. was finished B. will be finished C. has been finished D. can't be finished
25. Let’s ____ for a walk, shall we?
A. to go B. going C. go D. gone
26. —Where were you last Saturday?—I ____ in the Capital Museum.
A. am B. will be C. was D. have been
29.—May I speak to the headmaster?—He ____ a meeting now. Can I take a message?
A. is having B. had C. has D. will have
32. I ____ Mr. Smith since he moved to Shanghai.
A. didn’t hear from B. don’t hear from C. won’t hear from D. haven’t heard from
33. Today, computers are really helpful. They ____ everywhere.
A. use B. are used C. used D. were used
25. My grandpa is sleeping. Will you please_____the radio?
A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on
28. They_____five days finishing the work.
A. Paid B. took C. spent
30. She_____ her hometown for many years. No one nearly knows her.
A. has been away from B. has left C. had left
32. Summer holiday is coming, Li Lei with his father_____to go to Shanghai.
A. Want B. will want C. wants
33. Lisa is a little poor at Chinese. I think she needs_____it every day.
A. practise to speak B. to practise speaking C. practise speaking
31. Jenny _______ in the kitchen when you called her at 5 o'clock this afternoon.
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cooks D. Cooked
35. Hot water _______ in the students' flats from 5 pm to 7 pm now.
A. supplies B. is supplied C. supplied D. was supplied
36. If our government ____ attention to controlling food safety now, our health _____in danger.
A.won't pay; is B. doesn't pay; is C. won't pay; will be D. doesn't pay; will be
37. — Both Li Lei and Han Meimei ____ fond of the TV program A Bite of China.
— I am also deeply moved by its stories!
A. is B. am C. was D. Are
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