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英语语法1知识讲解(2)

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英语语法1知识讲解

  每日英语语法1

  1 according as,according to

  1.1 这两个词组虽然相似,但它们的结构和使用场合并不相同。according to表示"根据"、"按照";而according as表示"视乎",有depending及according to whether的意味。

  According as是连词词组,其后接从句;according to 是介词短语,其后接名词。例:

  The thermometer rises or falls according to the high or low temperature.寒暑表根据气温的高低而升降。 They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad.

  给他们的赏罚将视乎他们工作的好坏来决定。

  1.2 应当在此指出,在现代英语中,according as的句型结构已很少有人使用,正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那样:"This construction is not often heard today"。

  下面是according to的例句:

  According to the weather report,we shall have cold weather next week.

  根据天气报告,下星期天气将要转冷。

  You should act according to circumstances.你们要随机应变。

  1.3 According to有个同义短语,即 in accordance with,但它们的涵义有细微的区别,前者强调"根据„所言",后者则强调"与„要一致"。另外 in accordance with多用于正式场合,例如表示与一些原则、规律一致。例:

  According to police report,five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday.

  根据警方报告,昨天在九龙有五辆豪华汽车失窃。

  We must proceed in accordance with the rules.我们必须按照规章办事。

  That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar.那个句子不符合语法规则。

  1.4 请注意,in accordance with 既可引导 adverbial phrase,又可引导adjectival phrase作verb"to be"的补语(见上面 in accordance with的第一和第二个例句);according to则不能。例如,我们不能说: The news is according to Hong Kong’s broadcasting station.(错)

  1.5 另一点需要补充说明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同义,它们可以互换使用,但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者F.T.Wood认为,我们最好在强凋"与„一致"(agreement)的时候,用in accord with;在强调"服从"或"遵照执行"(obeying or following)的涵义时,用 in accordance with。例如: What he has done is not in accord with your instructions.

  In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus.

  2 admit,admit of

  2.1 一般说来,admit表示"许入"、"进入"(allow somebody or something to enter)或"承认"(acknowledge)的意义;admit of则表示"容许"(allow of)或"容有"(leave room for)之意。例如:

  This ticket admits one person only.此券只准一人入场。

  I admitted him to the lecture.我准许他入内听讲。

  He has admitted the fact.他已承认此事。

  This matter admits of no delay.此事刻不容缓。

  This word admits of several interpretations.这个词可作几种解释。

  2.2 Admit的主语既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。例如,我们不能说: I can’t admit of your doing it,而只能说:I can’t allow you to do it。又如,不可以说:He can admit of no question,而应该说:His veracity admits of no question(他的诚信是勿容置疑的)。

  2.3 值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名词,它们都有"准入"之意,但使用场合不同。一般说来,admittance用于直义,即指准许某人进入某一场所;admission则大都用于比喻意,指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此,"入场券"译作admission ticket,不译作admittance ticket。"如非公事,不得擅进(非请勿进)"则译作 No admittance except on business。现将这两个词作一比较:

  They refused him admittance when he arrived.他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。

  They granted him admission.他门准许他入会。

  此外,admit用作解"承认"时,之后可以接动名词或从句,但不能接动词不定式。例如: He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以说:He admits to have seen the book。

  2.4 在现代英语中,有时我们可以看到 admit to这么一个短语,其义相当于confess to (承认),例如: In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime.

  虽然所有证据都对她不利,但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。

  有些西方学者认为,admit to 并不是地道的英语,最好避免使用。

  2.5 与之类似区别的词语有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是"许可"(permit);后者的意思是"容有„余地"(leave room for)。它们的用法与 admit和 admit of相同。

  3 after,behind

  After用作介词时,很易和另一介词behind混淆不清,因为它们都表示"在„之后"的意思。它们的区别有以下几点:

  (一)一般说来,after指时间的先后次序,意为"在„之后"(later in time than); behind指位置的前后,意为"在„后面"(in the rear of)。例如:

  I shall be free after ten o’clock.十点之后我有空。

  The national stadium is located behind the hill.国家运动场在山岗的后面。

  (二)after常用以指顺序,意为"跟在„之后"、"接着"、"接连"(in succession or next to in order); behind 则表示"隐匿在后"、"背着"或"遗留在后"之意。如:

  After you,please!您先请!(出门或进门时的客套用语)

  You should put the direct object after the indirect object.你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。 The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door.警察正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。

  Day after day and year after year„日复一日,年复一年„„。

  Don’t stand behind the door.不要躲在门背后。

  Don’t speak evil of a man behind his back.不要在背后说人坏话。

  Who is behind the scenes?谁是幕后人?

  Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them.那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。

  (三)在某些场合下,after和behind可以互换使用,但涵义有所不同。如:

  Shut the door after you.(1) Shut the door behind you.(2)

  (1)句的意思是"随手关门",after含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味;

  (2)句的意思是"关上你背后的门",behind表示门的静止状态的意味,正因为如此,我们通常说:Don’t stand behind the door,而不说:Don’t stand after the door。

  值得注意的是,在另一些场合下,after和behind 在互换使用后,其意并无区别可言。如:

  The dog ran after its master. John came in after Alice. The dog ran behind its master. John came in behind Alice.

  Behind除作介词外,尚可用作副词、名词和形容词; after除作介词外,还可用作副词、连词和形容词,由于不属本书探讨范围之内,这里就不赘述。

  4 alone,lone

  4.1 这一对词都有"单独"、"孤单"(having no other person or thing nearby)之意,但用法有所不同。就词性而言,alone既可作形容词,又可作副词;而lone只能作形容词,不能作副词。例如:

  He is alone.(adj.) He live alone.(adv.) A lone bird flew past.(adj.)

  4.2 用作形容词时,alone只能作表语;而lone一般只能作定语。例:

  I am alone.(不能说: I am an alone person)我独居。

  She wants to make a lone flight.她想单独飞行。

  4.3 在现代英语里,alone和lone跟lonely涵义不同,前二者只表示"单独",没有感情色彩,但后者则表示"孤单、寂寞"的感受。例:

  Though I was alone in Hong Kong,I did not feel lonely.虽然我独居香港,但是我并不感到寂寞。 The lone traveller led a lonely life.那独行客过着寂寞的人生。

  

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