by的所有用法
介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在考试中曾多次出现。by的所有用法有哪些呢?本文是学习啦小编整理by的所有用法的资料，仅供参考。
by的所有用法
1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。
The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。
2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。 Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。
He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。
3.表示时间,意为“到„„时(为止”或“不迟于„„”。
He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。
By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。
4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至„„的程度”。
the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。 the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。
5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。
go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去
travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行
6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在„„旁边”。
There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。
词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：
一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春)晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。
注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形)当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。
二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时(已发生某事)，此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。
By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春)到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。
1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。
2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。
3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词，不变复数)。意为：“通过…，由…，乘…”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。(on foot)
It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。
“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?”
4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词，不变复数)。意为：“靠…，通过…，由…所致”。如：
by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;
by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。
Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。
I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。
5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过(某物、某地)，取道…”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。 The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。
6、by+动词—ing.意为：“通过…，靠…，凭…”。如：
by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。
He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。
四、by+数量词。
1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/￡3/two feet等。
With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。
2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海)幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。
五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。
The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。
六、by的常见短语：
by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。
by 的用法
作介词讲：
1. 在近处;在旁边 standing by the window 站在窗户旁边
a table by the bed 床边的桌子
2. 经;由;从
to enter by the door 由门进去
3. 经过…旁
He walked by me. 他从我旁边走过。
4.不迟于
By tomorrow he'll be here. 他明天就到这儿。
5.被;由
written by Shakespeare 莎士比亚写的
6.根据;按照
to play by the rules 按规则比赛
7.相差
His horse won by a nose. 他的马以一鼻之差取胜。
8.以…方式
She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。
We went by air.
我们乘飞机走。
9.表示相(乘)除(以计算面积) a room 15 feet by 20 feet
一间长20英尺宽15英尺的房间 to divide X by Y
用Y除X
10.逐一;连续
The animals went in 2 by 2. 动物两个两个地走进去。
11.(指动物)由…所生
作副词讲：
1.通过
Please let me by.
请让我过去。
2.附近
Do it when nobody is by. 等附近没人时再做。
介词by的用法
本单元by + v.-ing结构是一个重点，该结构意思是“通过„„，以„„的方式”，后面常接v.-ing形式，表示“通过某种方式得到某种结果”，即表示行为的方式或手段。
I practice speaking English by joining an English-language club. 我通过加入一个英语语言俱乐部来练习讲英语。
Mr Li makes a living by driving taxis.李先生靠开出租车为生。
介词by + v.-ing 结构常用来回答How do you...?或How can I...?之类的问题。 —How do you learn English? 你怎样学习英语呢?
—I learn English by reading aloud. 我通过大声朗读来学英语。 —How can I turn on the computer? 我怎样才能打开电脑呢? —By pressing this button. 按这个按钮。 [相关链接]
by 是个常用介词，其他用法还有：
①表示位置，意思是“在„„旁边”，“靠近„„”，有时可与beside互换。 The girls are playing by (beside) the lake. 女孩们正在湖边玩。 此时要注意它与介词near有所不同，即by 表示的距离更“近”。 比较：
He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。 He lives near the sea. 他住在离海不远处。 ②表示交通方式，意为“乘坐”，后接表示交通工具的名词(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship等)或与交通工具密切相关的名词(如air, water, land, road等)，在句中主要用作方式状语，其中通常不用冠词或其他限定词。
Jim often goes to work by bike. 吉姆常骑自行车上班。
但是，若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语，则也可以用冠词。如： We’re going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。
We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。 注意，汉语说“步行”，英语习惯上用on foot, 而不用 by foot。 注意以下表示方式的有用表达，其中不用冠词或其他限定词：
by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报 by letter 用信件 by express 用快件 by air mail 用航空邮件 by ordinary mail 用平信 by post 用邮寄 by radio 用无线电 by hand 用手工 by machine 用机器
③表示时间，意思是“在„„以前;不迟于„„”。
e.g. My mother will come back by 6:00. 我妈妈将在六点前回来。 ④ 表示动词执行者，意思是“被;由”，主要用于被动语态，此时要注意它与介词with的区别：by 表示动作的主体，with 表示动作者的手段工具。如： The house was destroyed by fire. 此屋被大火烧毁。(fire是动作的主体，此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house.)
The house was destroyed with fire. 此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。(fire只是工具，动作的主体另有其人，此句可认为省略了一个by短语，如by someone之类的，其主动形式可以是 Someone destroyed the house with fire.)
【延伸拓展】
介词with,in,through与by相同，也可以表示“通过(用)”，但有所区别。
①“with + 名词” ①表示用„„工具(具体有形的工具)②(表材料或内容)以„„，用„„来填充 We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看用耳朵听。
②“in + 名词”表示“用„„方式，用„„原料或用„„语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等;”。 Listen!They’re talking in English. 听!他们正在用英语交谈。
③“through + n.”表示“通过某种方式、由于某种理由、穿过”，多强调作用或原因。 You can achieve success only through your hard work. 你只有通过努力工作才能获得成功。 [趁热打铁]
用by, with, in填空
1.He gets to school ______ bike.
2.He is painting ______ a Chinese brush.(毛笔) 3.I don't know how to say "Jiaozi" ______ Japanese. 4.Maybe you can solve the problem ______ this way. 5.I study Enlish _____ practicing speaking it every day. 6.I usually write ______ a pen. 7.We can look and see ____ our eyes.
8.How did you send the letter, _______ airmail or _____ ordinary mail? 9.He caught(接住) the ball ______ his left hand. 他用左手接球。 10.She wrote the letter ______ a pencil. 她用铅笔写那封信。 11.He came here _______ his car. 12.He came here ______ car.
13.Fill the glass ______ wine. 把杯子装满酒。
14.The window was broken ______ that naughty boy.窗户被那个淘气的男孩打破了。
15. The old man sat there _____ a basket beside her. 老人坐在那儿，身边放着一个篮子。 16.He fell asleep______the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 17. He sat there ______ his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 18.You must return _______ 10:00 pm.
19.She has a house _______ a beautiful garden.
20.Tom often goes to see Beijing Opera ______ his father on weekends.
答案
1—5 by, with, in, in, by 6. with, 7.with 8. by, by 9.with, 10. with 11-15.in, by, with, by, with
16.-20. with, with, by, with, with
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