有关药的英语文章

　　药物产品并不是天然生成的自然品,而是人类文明的产物,是人类通过对自然化学物质进行有针对性的分解和组合而最终形成的,对疾病尤其是人类疾病具有预防或治疗作用的人造化学物质产品。下面是学习啦小编带来的有关药的英语文章，欢迎阅读!

　　有关药的英语文章1

　　举重场没了兴奋剂 观众还买账吗?

　　RIO DE JANEIRO — The brothers Dan and AnthonyRigney of Australia attended the Olympic weight lifting competition on Sunday and were notexactly mortified that the sport is more polluted than Guanabara Bay.

　　里约热内卢——澳大利亚的丹和安东尼•里格尼(Dan and Anthony Rigney)兄弟去看了周日的奥运举重比赛。对于这个项目的受污染情况比瓜纳巴拉湾更甚这一点，他们并不觉得难堪。

　　Sure, they want athletes to be drug free, but they also want to be entertained by raw humanpower. So yes, they would have preferred to see the Russian and Bulgarian teams, which werebarred for doping. Likewise with Ilya Ilyin, a suspended two-time Olympic champion fromKazakhstan, who is the Barry Bonds of the clean and jerk.

　　当然，他们希望运动员远离药物，但他们也希望从赤裸裸的人类力量中得到娱乐。因此，没错，他们是乐于看到因兴奋剂问题被禁赛的俄罗斯和保加利亚队参加比赛的。哈萨克斯坦被禁赛的两届奥运冠军得主伊利亚•伊雷因(Ilya Ilyin)也是这样。他是挺举项目中的巴里•邦兹(Barry Bonds)。

　　“You like to see world records,” said Dan Rigney, 28, a physio therapist and competitive lifterfrom Sydney. “It’s like baseball. People just want to see home runs.”

　　“人们喜欢看到世界纪录，”来自悉尼的28岁理疗师、举重运动员丹•里格尼(Dan Rigney)说。“就像棒球一样。人们只想看本垒打。”

　　There has long been a wink-and-nod pragmatism about weight lifting. Drugs have been ahushed but vital part of doing business. If there is an argument to be made that any sportshould permit doping, or even make it mandatory, that sport is weight lifting.

　　长期以来，举重一直存在一种心照不宣的实用主义。药物是举重比赛中默默无闻但至关重要的一部分。如果说这世上有什么运动是应该允许使用兴奋剂，甚至强制要求使用兴奋剂的，那就是举重了。

　　“Maybe it already is,” Dan Rigney said with a laugh, adding that, in his view, doping “is what’skeeping the Olympics going.”

　　“也许已经是这种情况了，”丹•里格尼大笑着说。他还表示，在他看来，兴奋剂“是使奥运会能够继续下去的原因”。

　　Let’s be honest. We don’t want to see anybody lift a keg. We want to see someone hoist aBuick.

　　让我们坦诚些。我们想看的不是一个人举起一个小桶。我们想看的是有人举起一辆别克(Buick)。

　　We are nostalgic for champions like Vasily Alekseyev, the great Soviet superheavyweight whowon gold medals in 1972 and 1976. He set 80 world records and was the first person to lift 500pounds in the clean and jerk. He was so massive that his uniform fit like a chin strap on abowling ball. And those sideburns — great thickets wide and deep enough to plant potatoes.

　　我们怀念像瓦西里•阿列克谢耶夫(Vasily Alekseyev)那样的冠军。伟大的苏联超重量级举重运动员阿列克谢耶夫曾分别在1972年和1976年获得金牌。他创造了80项世界记录，也是在挺举项目中举起500磅(约合230公斤)的第一人。他的身型非常魁梧，以至于比赛服穿在他身上就像一根颏带绷在保龄球上。还有那鬓角——一片茂盛的灌木丛，宽度和厚度足以种土豆。

　　Oh, sure, we say we are against doping in sports. But we don’t care enough to stop buyingtickets or watching on television. And let’s ask ourselves this: Would anyone stay tuned if theOlympic champion ran the 100 meters in 15 seconds instead of nine? Who would watch theN.F.L. if linemen were built more like Gilligan than the Skipper?

　　哦，当然，我们嘴里说我们反对在体育运动中使用兴奋剂。但我们对此的重视程度还不至于停止买票或是停止在电视上看比赛。并且我们自问：如果奥运冠军跑100米的用时是15秒而不是9秒，你会不换台吗?如果锋线球员长得更像吉利根(Gilligan)而不是船长(两人都是六十年代美国情景喜剧《吉利根岛》中的人物，前者身形瘦削，后者则非常魁梧。——译注)，谁还要看国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)的比赛?

　　Most fans seem to view doping in the same way they view special effects in “Star Wars” movies,said Charles Yesalis, a retired Penn State professor and an expert on performance-enhancingdrugs.

　　宾西法尼亚州立大学(Penn State)退休教授、研究提高成绩的药物的专家查尔斯•耶萨利斯(Charles Yesalis)表示，大部分体育迷对兴奋剂的态度，和对《星球大战》(Star Wars)系列电影里的特效是一样的。

　　“It enhances the enjoyment of viewing because you see bigger-than-life people doing bigger-than-life things,” Yesalis said in a recent interview. “If everybody looked like normal people,chances are the N.C.A.A., the N.F.L. and the Olympics would not be multibillion-dollar entities.”

　　“它会增加观看比赛的乐趣，因为你看到的是超越现实世界的人在做超越现实世界的事情，”耶萨利斯最近接受采访时说。“如果所有人看上去都和普通人一样，全美大学生体育协会(NCAA)、NFL和奥运会可能就不是身家数十亿美元的实体了。”

　　Before the Games, international sports officials tossed out assorted male and female liftersfrom Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, North Korea, Romania, Turkey,Ukraine and Uzbekistan, a Fodor’s guide through the world of banned substances.

　　奥运会开幕前，国际体育官员取消了阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、塞浦路斯、哈萨克斯坦、摩尔多瓦、朝鲜、罗马尼亚、土耳其、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的众多举重运动员的参赛资格，其中有男有女，就像一本福多尔公司(Fodor's)出版的违禁药物世界旅游指南。

　　Olympic weight lifting without Russia and Bulgaria is like Harry Potter without Lord Voldemortand Bellatrix Lestrange (if those villains wore spandex and had necks the size of Easter hams).The competition will go on, but it won’t be the same.

　　奥运举重项目没了俄罗斯和保加利亚，就如同《哈里•波特》(Harry Potter)没了伏地魔和贝拉特里克斯•莱斯特兰奇(如果这两个坏蛋穿上斯潘德克斯弹性纤维做成的队服，并且脖子粗得和复活节吃的火腿一样的话)。比赛会继续，但不会是原来的样子。

　　Until recently, weight lifting officials had mostly turned the other way, keenly understandingthat the final word of the Olympic motto, “Faster, Higher, Stronger,” is not easily achieved overthe counter.

　　就在前不久，举重官员大多仍对此视而不见，强烈地认为奥林匹克格言“更快、更高、更强”中的最后一项没有药方是无法实现的。

　　Of course, with the Rio Games upon us, the International Weightlifting Federation is suddenlyaffronted. It has called revelations of widespread doping in Russia “shocking anddisappointing” and has said that the “integrity of the weight lifting sport has been seriouslydamaged.”

　　当然了，在我们迎来里约奥运会之际，国际举重联合会(International Weightlifting Federation)突然被触怒了。它表示，已经被揭露出来的俄罗斯运动员普遍使用兴奋剂的情况“令人震惊和失望”;它还说，“举重运动的尊严受损”。

　　Integrity? Now they worry about integrity?

　　尊严?现在他们担心起尊严来了?

　　There were 24 positive tests at the world weight lifting championships last year, and retestingof urine samples from the 2008 Beijing Games and the 2012 London Games revealed at least20 additional positives, including four from Olympic champions, according to the news agencyAgence France-Presse.

　　去年，针对世界举重冠军所做的尿检，结果呈阳性的共有24例。据法新社(Agence France-Presse)报道，重新检测来自2008年北京奥运会和2012年伦敦奥运会的尿样，让阳性结果至少又多出了20个，其中4份阳性尿样来自奥运冠军。

　　Essentially, comedy has become reality.

　　实际上，喜剧已经变成了现实。

　　Remember that “Saturday Night Live” sketch, with Phil Hartman playing a Soviet weight lifternamed Sergei Akmudov at the All Drug Olympics?

　　还记得《周六夜现场》(Saturday Night Live)的一个小品吗?菲尔•哈特曼(Philip Hartmann)在《药林匹克运动会》(All Drug Olympics)里扮演名叫谢尔盖•阿克穆多夫(Sergei Akmudov)的苏联举重运动员。

　　“His trainer has told me that he’s taken anabolic steroids, Novocain, NyQuil, Darvon and somesort of fish paralyzer,” the announcer, played by Kevin Nealon, says earnestly.

　　“他的教练告诉我，他喝下了合成代谢类固醇、普鲁卡因、奈奎尔、达尔丰以及某种啤酒，”由凯文•尼伦(KevinNealon)扮演的主持人一本正经地说道。

　　“Also, I believe he’s had several cocktails within the last hour or so,” the announcer says. “Allthis, of course, is perfectly legal at the All Drug Olympics. In fact, it’s encouraged.”

　　“此外，我相信他在最后一小时左右喝下了若干种鸡尾酒，”主持人说道。“当然了，所有这些在‘药林匹克运动会’上都是完全合乎规定的。事实上，这种做法还受到了鼓励。”

　　Akmudov tries to lift more than 1,500 pounds, triple the world record in the clean and jerk,except for one small problem.

　　阿克穆多夫试图举起1500英镑的重量，是世界挺举纪录的三倍，但出现了一点小问题。

　　“Oh, he’s pulled his arms off!” the witless announcer yells. “He’s pulled his arms off! That’s gotto be disappointing to the big Russian.”

　　“哦，他把自己的胳膊扯下来了!”吓傻了的主持人喊道。“他把自己的胳膊扯下来了!俄罗斯大块头肯定很失望。”

　　With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dismantling of the Soviet Union, the Olympics lost agripping appeal for many Americans — the rivalry between East and West. With Russia nowabsent from Rio in weight lifting and track and field, that enthralling tension erodes furtherstill.

　　随着柏林墙的倒塌和苏联的解体，对许多美国人而言，奥运会失去了一种扣人心弦的吸引力，一种东西方相互较劲的意味。由于俄罗斯缺席了里约奥运会的举重和田径项目，那种令人着迷的张力进一步被削弱了。

　　“There was no one to root against,” Matt Futterman wrote last month in The Wall StreetJournal, lamenting the parting of the Iron Curtain for international sport. “It was like watching aBond film in which everyone was working for MI6.”

　　“没人可供喝倒彩了，”上个月，马特•福特曼(Matt Futterman)在《华尔街日报》上感叹说，国际体育界的“铁幕”正在消失。“这就好比观看一部所有人都为军情六处(MI6)工作的邦德片。”

　　One wonders whether medals won in Rio will be devalued in particular sports, as they werewhen the United States boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics and the Soviet Unionreciprocated at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.

　　有人不禁要问，里约奥运会某些特定项目的奖牌是否会贬值，就像美国在1980年抵制莫斯科奥运会，苏联在1984年还以颜色，抵制洛杉矶奥运会时一样。

　　“Weight lifting is so riddled with doping problems, it’s hard to call any medal devalued,” said BillMallon, an Olympic historian.

　　“举重项目被兴奋剂问题搞得千疮百孔，奖牌贬值几乎无从谈起，”奥运历史学家比尔•马龙(Bill Mallon)说。

　　And to be sure, many people in weight lifting have applauded the mass suspensions. “Rules arerules,” said Mika Tiainen, Finland’s Olympic coach. “Lifting makes the competition, not thecountry.”

　　而且可以肯定，举重领域的很多人都会为大规模禁赛叫好。“规则就是规则，”芬兰奥运教练米卡•蒂艾宁(MikaTiainen)说。“举重所成就的是竞争，而非某个国家。”

　　Still, it would surprise no one if the retesting of urine samples from Rio led to the stripping ofmedals in coming years. Anthony Rigney, 33, a teacher, said he had seen a meme online: “Ican’t wait until 2024 to see who won the gold in Rio.”

　　不过，如果在未来几年里，重新检测来自里约奥运会的尿样导致一些人的奖牌被剥夺，那也没什么好奇怪的。现年33岁的教师安东尼里格尼(Anthony Rigney)说他在网上看过一个米姆(meme)：“到2024年就知道谁在里约夺冠了，好期待。”

　　词霸君：对于举重运动员服用兴奋剂你们怎么看??

　　有关药的英语文章2

　　Mis-selling drugs.

　　违规销售药物。

　　The settlers.

　　和解者。

　　American prosecutors wring $3 billion from GlaxoSmithKline.

　　美国检察官提请对葛兰素史克公司处以30亿美元罚款。

　　PATRIOTIC pundits might make something of the timing, just before America's IndependenceDay. As Americans prepared to celebrate the settlers who stuck it to the British in 1776, theirgovernment stuck it to a British drug firm. On July 2nd the Justice Department announceddetails of a $3 billion payment from GlaxoSmithKline, the old country's biggest pharmaceutical-maker. The deal, which resolves a pile of criminal and civil charges, is the largest health-fraudsettlement in American history.

　　正当美国人准备为纪念1776年打退英国人的移民者庆祝时，他们的政府却在不依不饶地起诉一家英国制药公司。这件事正好发生在美国独立日到来之前，一些爱国评论人士可能就这点大做文章。7月2日，美国司法部门公布了有关葛兰素史克公司30亿美元巨额赔款的细节，该公司是英国这个老牌国家最大的制药业公司。这次判决解决了一系列刑事和民事指控，成为美国历史上最大的一起医药欺诈和解案。

　　The size of the deal is not new-it was announced in November-but the details are. Glaxoagreed to plead guilty to three criminal counts: the misbranding of two antidepressants andthe failure to tell regulators about safety data for a diabetes drug. Those plea deals included$1 billion in payments. Glaxo also agreed to an additional $2 billion to settle civil charges underthe False Claims Act.

　　这次和解的金额并非是什么新闻——在去年11月份就已向公众宣布——但具体如何分配这些金额却是刚刚公布。(早在去年11月份就已向公众公布的和解的金额并非是什么新闻，真正算得上是新闻的其实是如何具体来分配这些金额----Grace_Die的版本)葛兰素史克公司已就三项刑事指控认罪：滥用两种抗抑郁药的商标、未向监管部门提交一种糖尿病药物的安全数据。这些认罪协议包括10亿美元的赔偿金。在《反欺骗政府法》的规定下，葛兰素史克公司还将另外赔偿20亿美元用以解决民事指控。

　　Glaxo allegedly used spa treatments, trips to Hawaii and hunting excursions to coax doctors towrite prescriptions for unapproved uses of certain drugs. In the case of Paxil, anantidepressant, Glaxo was said to have promoted a journal article that overstated the drug'sbenefits for children.

　　据称，葛兰素史克公司曾为一些医生的水疗服务、夏威夷旅游、狩猎等买单，借此让医生为某些药物未经批准的用途开具处方。据称该公司还极力推广一篇夸大了抗抑郁药帕罗西汀对儿童的药效的期刊论文。

　　In recent years, American prosecutors have accused nearly every big drug firm of nefarioussales tactics. Several have settled (see table), including Abbott Laboratories in May ($1.5 billion)and Pfizer in 2009 ($2.3 billion). To pursue these cases, the department has used an old buthandy statute. The False Claims Act was passed during the civil war, to stop contractors fromswindling the Union army. Congress gave it new life in 1986, promising big payouts for citizenswho blew the whistle on firms that defrauded the government.

　　近年来，几乎每一家大型制药公司都因非法销售策略遭到了美国检察官的控告。有些案件已经得到解决(见图表)，包括5月份的雅培公司案件(赔偿15亿美元)和2009年的辉瑞公司案件(赔偿23亿美元)。在这些案件中，美国司法部搬出了一部古老却十分便利好用的法规——《反欺骗政府法》。此法规是在美国内战时为了阻止承包商欺诈美国联邦军而通过的。1986年，美国国会赋予这部法规新的生命：公民只要揭发检举公司的欺诈政府行为就能获得大笔奖励。

　　At first defence contractors were the main targets. More recently, drug firms have been a goldmine. Firms have been particularly vulnerable to charges of "off-label marketing". America barsdrug firms from promoting their pills for uses not approved by regulators. But doctors are freeto prescribe drugs for such uses, which is why drug reps schmooze them.

　　起初，国防承包商是主要的被揭发目标。最近，制药公司又成了发财的金矿山。这些公司特别容易受到"将药物用在其还未被批准的用途上或其他年龄段的病人身上、违规使用药物剂量、违规以某种形式使用药物"等等这类控告。美国禁止制药公司推广不为药品监管机构所批准的药用功能，但医生可以自由地根据药物功能给病人开处方，这也就是为什么药品销售员要在医生面前阿谀奉承。

　　Are huge fines enough to curb dodgy drug peddling? Glaxo insists that it has reformed. Thefirm says it has fired some of those involved in transgressions, though it has not disclosednumbers or names. It has also changed internal incentives for drug salespeople, todiscourage mis-selling. As part of its "corporate integrity agreement" with the JusticeDepartment, it now may revoke an executive's bonus if he or a subordinate engages in shadydeeds.

　　巨额罚款能有效阻止狡猾的制药商吗?葛兰素史克公司坚持称它已经采取了改革措施：公司辞退了涉及此次犯罪事件的职员，但并未公开辞退的员工人数及其姓名;公司还改变了内部的激励措施以阻止违规销售药品。根据该公司与司法部的"企业诚信协议"，如果一个经理或其下属参与不法行为，那么他的奖金将有可能被剥夺。

　　Patrick Burns of Taxpayers Against Fraud, an advocacy group, is not impressed. Individualexecutives pocket the benefits of malpractice, whereas stockholders pay the fines that result.So the way to deter future wrongdoing would be to punish individual executives, he says. Thefear of jail might make them think twice before overpromoting a pill.

　　来自纳税人免受欺诈倡导组织的帕特里克?伯恩斯认为此举并无成效。个别高管从不法行为中获取暴利，而赔偿金却要由股东来承担。因此，他说，想要预防此类违法行为再次发生就必须采取惩罚个别高管的方法。对其进行监禁的恫吓力可能会促使他们在夸大药物药效前三思而行。

　　有关药的英语文章3

　　Can a vaccine stop drug abuse?

　　疫苗能阻止药物滥用吗?

　　It may be possible to vaccinate people against addictive drugs

　　人们也许能通过疫苗来阻止成瘾药物的使用

　　THE idea of vaccinating drug addicts against their affliction is an intriguing one.

　　对药物滥用者进行免疫来对抗他们受到的折磨是一个吸引人的课题。

　　In principle, it should not be too hard.

　　原理上，这应该不会太难。

　　The immune system works, in part, by making antibodies that are specific to particular sorts of hostile molecule.

　　免疫系统可以部分参与产生那些针对某些有害分子的抗体。

　　Such antibodies recognise and attach themselves to these molecules, rendering them harmless.

　　这些抗体可以识别并与那些有害分子结合，使他们变成对身体无害的物质。

　　Vaccines work by presenting the immune system with novel targets, so that it can learn to react to them if it comes across them again.

　　疫苗则是通过向免疫系统提供新的靶物质的方法起作用的，因此当免疫系统再次遇到这些物质时，它就会知道该如何作出反应。

　　The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.

　　问题是抗体能识别和做出反应的分子是大分子，比如蛋白质，这是细菌，病毒和其他致病原的特征。

　　Small molecules, such as drugs, go unnoticed.

　　小分子，如毒品，就不被识别了。

　　But not for much longer, if Kim Janda of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego has his way.

　　如果位于圣迭戈斯克里普斯研究所的金-简达有解决办法的话，这种情况就能结束了。

　　In a paper just published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Dr Janda and his colleagues suggest how a vaccine against methamphetamine, a popular street drug, might be made.

　　在刚出版的一期《美国化学会会志》中，简达博士在一篇论文中指出了一种对抗街上常见药--甲基苯丙胺的疫苗可以被合成的方法。

　　If their method works, it would open the possibility of vaccinating people against other drugs, too.

　　如果他们的方法凑效的话，那将使给人们注射疫苗来对抗其他药物成瘾成为可能。

　　The idea of a methamphetamine vaccine is not new.

　　甲基苯丙胺疫苗的想法并非什么新鲜事。

　　The problem is getting the immune system to pay attention to a molecule that is such a small target.

　　问题在于要使免疫系统对如此小的目标做出反应。

　　The way that has been tried in the past is to build the vaccine from several components.

　　之前曾尝试过的方法是利用几种物质共同构建疫苗。

　　First, there is a large carrier protein that forms a platform for the target.

　　首先，要有一个大的载体蛋白来构成给靶物质的平台。

　　Then there is the target itself, a set of smaller molecules called haptens that are attached to the carrier.

　　然后是与载体结合的靶物质本身，他们是一组叫做半抗原的较小的分子。

　　These may either be the drug in question or some analogue of it that, for one reason or another, is reckoned to have a better chance of training the immune system.

　　这些小分子可以是目标药物或其它一些类似物，他们有这样或那样的理由被认为能够更好地锻炼免疫系统。

　　Finally, there is a chemical cocktail called an adjuvant that helps get the immune system to pay attention to the carrier protein and the haptens.

　　最后，有一种叫做佐药的鸡尾酒帮助免疫系统对载体蛋白和半抗原做出反应。

　　Dr Janda noticed that past experiments on methamphetamine vaccines had all revolved around tweaking either the carrier protein or the adjuvant, rather than tinkering with the haptens.

　　简达博士意识到过去对甲基苯丙胺的实验中，疫苗一直在周旋，使载体蛋白或佐药发生扭曲，而非与半抗原互补。

　　He thought he might be able to change that, on the basis of work he had carried out previously, trying to design a vaccine against nicotine.

　　他觉得基于之前所展开的工作，他有能力改善那种情况，并尝试设计出一种对抗尼古丁的疫苗。

　　In particular, nicotine is a highly flexible molecule.

　　尼古丁是一种尤其高活性的分子。

　　That makes it hard for the immune system to recognise.

　　这使得免疫系统难以识别它。

　　To overcome this, his team on the nicotine project had to work out how to fix their haptens to the carrier protein in a way that rendered them less capable of twisting and turning, and thus made them easier for the immune system to identify.

　　为了克服这个问题，他的尼古丁项目的团队必须使他们的半抗原以一种特定方式与载体蛋白结合，从而使得这些蛋白不易扭曲反转，从而让免疫系统更容易识别。

　　In the new study, Dr Janda and his colleagues report that they have performed a similar trick with methamphetamine haptens.

　　在一篇新的研究中，简达博士和他的同事指出他们用类似的方法处理甲基苯丙胺半抗原。

　　They used computer models to visualise the haptens in three dimensions and thus work out how the molecules could be rearranged such that they could not spring, twist or turn when being examined by the immune system.

　　他们利用电脑模型来展现三维半抗原并解决了分子重新排布的问题，使他们在免疫系统检查时无法弹出，扭曲，旋转。

　　In light of this information they designed six new methamphetamine-like

　　在该办法的启发下，他们设计出6种新的甲基苯丙胺样的半抗原。

　　Once built, they attached the new hapten molecules to carrier proteins, mixed them with adjuvant, injected the results into mice and waited.

　　一旦构建完成，他们把这些新的半抗原分子结合到载体蛋白上，并与佐药混合，注射进小鼠体内，等待结果。

　　After several weeks they tested the mice to see if the animals' blood contained antibodies to methamphetamine.

　　数周后他们检测小鼠血液内是否含有甲基苯丙胺的抗体。

　　Of the six new haptens, three successfully provoked the mice to make such antibodies.

　　在6种新的半抗原中，其中3种成功刺激小鼠产生这些抗体。

　　As a bonus, one of those three also stimulated the production of antibodies against another widely used drug, amphetamine.

　　另外有一个意外收获，在那3种当中有一种可刺激产生另一种广泛使用的药物--苯丙安的抗体。

　　That is still a long way from providing a working vaccine, but it is an important step forward.

　　虽然距离能够供应疫苗的日子还有很长一段路要走，但这是前进中重要的一步。

　　And if human immune systems react in the same way to the new vaccines as murine ones do, the day when a drug addict might be offered vaccination rather than opprobrium will have come a little closer.

　　如果人类免疫系统对新疫苗的反应机制就像鼠科动物那样的话，药物成瘾的人获得的是疫苗而非外界辱骂的这一天的来临就更近了。

.3 billion). To pursue these cases, the department has used an old buthandy statute. The False Claims Act was passed during the civil war, to stop contractors fromswindling the Union army. Congress gave it new life in 1986, promising big payouts for citizenswho blew the whistle on firms that defrauded the government.

　　近年来，几乎每一家大型制药公司都因非法销售策略遭到了美国检察官的控告。有些案件已经得到解决(见图表)，包括5月份的雅培公司案件(赔偿15亿美元)和2009年的辉瑞公司案件(赔偿23亿美元)。在这些案件中，美国司法部搬出了一部古老却十分便利好用的法规——《反欺骗政府法》。此法规是在美国内战时为了阻止承包商欺诈美国联邦军而通过的。1986年，美国国会赋予这部法规新的生命：公民只要揭发检举公司的欺诈政府行为就能获得大笔奖励。

　　At first defence contractors were the main targets. More recently, drug firms have been a goldmine. Firms have been particularly vulnerable to charges of "off-label marketing". America barsdrug firms from promoting their pills for uses not approved by regulators. But doctors are freeto prescribe drugs for such uses, which is why drug reps schmooze them.

　　起初，国防承包商是主要的被揭发目标。最近，制药公司又成了发财的金矿山。这些公司特别容易受到"将药物用在其还未被批准的用途上或其他年龄段的病人身上、违规使用药物剂量、违规以某种形式使用药物"等等这类控告。美国禁止制药公司推广不为药品监管机构所批准的药用功能，但医生可以自由地根据药物功能给病人开处方，这也就是为什么药品销售员要在医生面前阿谀奉承。

　　Are huge fines enough to curb dodgy drug peddling? Glaxo insists that it has reformed. Thefirm says it has fired some of those involved in transgressions, though it has not disclosednumbers or names. It has also changed internal incentives for drug salespeople, todiscourage mis-selling. As part of its "corporate integrity agreement" with the JusticeDepartment, it now may revoke an executive's bonus if he or a subordinate engages in shadydeeds.

　　巨额罚款能有效阻止狡猾的制药商吗?葛兰素史克公司坚持称它已经采取了改革措施：公司辞退了涉及此次犯罪事件的职员，但并未公开辞退的员工人数及其姓名;公司还改变了内部的激励措施以阻止违规销售药品。根据该公司与司法部的"企业诚信协议"，如果一个经理或其下属参与不法行为，那么他的奖金将有可能被剥夺。

　　Patrick Burns of Taxpayers Against Fraud, an advocacy group, is not impressed. Individualexecutives pocket the benefits of malpractice, whereas stockholders pay the fines that result.So the way to deter future wrongdoing would be to punish individual executives, he says. Thefear of jail might make them think twice before overpromoting a pill.

　　来自纳税人免受欺诈倡导组织的帕特里克?伯恩斯认为此举并无成效。个别高管从不法行为中获取暴利，而赔偿金却要由股东来承担。因此，他说，想要预防此类违法行为再次发生就必须采取惩罚个别高管的方法。对其进行监禁的恫吓力可能会促使他们在夸大药物药效前三思而行。

　　有关药的英语文章3

　　Can a vaccine stop drug abuse?

　　疫苗能阻止药物滥用吗?

　　It may be possible to vaccinate people against addictive drugs

　　人们也许能通过疫苗来阻止成瘾药物的使用

　　THE idea of vaccinating drug addicts against their affliction is an intriguing one.

　　对药物滥用者进行免疫来对抗他们受到的折磨是一个吸引人的课题。

　　In principle, it should not be too hard.

　　原理上，这应该不会太难。

　　The immune system works, in part, by making antibodies that are specific to particular sorts of hostile molecule.

　　免疫系统可以部分参与产生那些针对某些有害分子的抗体。

　　Such antibodies recognise and attach themselves to these molecules, rendering them harmless.

　　这些抗体可以识别并与那些有害分子结合，使他们变成对身体无害的物质。

　　Vaccines work by presenting the immune system with novel targets, so that it can learn to react to them if it comes across them again.

　　疫苗则是通过向免疫系统提供新的靶物质的方法起作用的，因此当免疫系统再次遇到这些物质时，它就会知道该如何作出反应。

　　The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.

　　问题是抗体能识别和做出反应的分子是大分子，比如蛋白质，这是细菌，病毒和其他致病原的特征。

　　Small molecules, such as drugs, go unnoticed.

　　小分子，如毒品，就不被识别了。

　　But not for much longer, if Kim Janda of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego has his way.

　　如果位于圣迭戈斯克里普斯研究所的金-简达有解决办法的话，这种情况就能结束了。

　　In a paper just published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Dr Janda and his colleagues suggest how a vaccine against methamphetamine, a popular street drug, might be made.

　　在刚出版的一期《美国化学会会志》中，简达博士在一篇论文中指出了一种对抗街上常见药--甲基苯丙胺的疫苗可以被合成的方法。

　　If their method works, it would open the possibility of vaccinating people against other drugs, too.

　　如果他们的方法凑效的话，那将使给人们注射疫苗来对抗其他药物成瘾成为可能。

　　The idea of a methamphetamine vaccine is not new.

　　甲基苯丙胺疫苗的想法并非什么新鲜事。

　　The problem is getting the immune system to pay attention to a molecule that is such a small target.

　　问题在于要使免疫系统对如此小的目标做出反应。

　　The way that has been tried in the past is to build the vaccine from several components.

　　之前曾尝试过的方法是利用几种物质共同构建疫苗。

　　First, there is a large carrier protein that forms a platform for the target.

　　首先，要有一个大的载体蛋白来构成给靶物质的平台。

　　Then there is the target itself, a set of smaller molecules called haptens that are attached to the carrier.

　　然后是与载体结合的靶物质本身，他们是一组叫做半抗原的较小的分子。

　　These may either be the drug in question or some analogue of it that, for one reason or another, is reckoned to have a better chance of training the immune system.

　　这些小分子可以是目标药物或其它一些类似物，他们有这样或那样的理由被认为能够更好地锻炼免疫系统。

　　Finally, there is a chemical cocktail called an adjuvant that helps get the immune system to pay attention to the carrier protein and the haptens.

　　最后，有一种叫做佐药的鸡尾酒帮助免疫系统对载体蛋白和半抗原做出反应。

　　Dr Janda noticed that past experiments on methamphetamine vaccines had all revolved around tweaking either the carrier protein or the adjuvant, rather than tinkering with the haptens.

　　简达博士意识到过去对甲基苯丙胺的实验中，疫苗一直在周旋，使载体蛋白或佐药发生扭曲，而非与半抗原互补。

　　He thought he might be able to change that, on the basis of work he had carried out previously, trying to design a vaccine against nicotine.

　　他觉得基于之前所展开的工作，他有能力改善那种情况，并尝试设计出一种对抗尼古丁的疫苗。

　　In particular, nicotine is a highly flexible molecule.

　　尼古丁是一种尤其高活性的分子。

　　That makes it hard for the immune system to recognise.

　　这使得免疫系统难以识别它。

　　To overcome this, his team on the nicotine project had to work out how to fix their haptens to the carrier protein in a way that rendered them less capable of twisting and turning, and thus made them easier for the immune system to identify.

　　为了克服这个问题，他的尼古丁项目的团队必须使他们的半抗原以一种特定方式与载体蛋白结合，从而使得这些蛋白不易扭曲反转，从而让免疫系统更容易识别。

　　In the new study, Dr Janda and his colleagues report that they have performed a similar trick with methamphetamine haptens.

　　在一篇新的研究中，简达博士和他的同事指出他们用类似的方法处理甲基苯丙胺半抗原。

　　They used computer models to visualise the haptens in three dimensions and thus work out how the molecules could be rearranged such that they could not spring, twist or turn when being examined by the immune system.

　　他们利用电脑模型来展现三维半抗原并解决了分子重新排布的问题，使他们在免疫系统检查时无法弹出，扭曲，旋转。

　　In light of this information they designed six new methamphetamine-like

　　在该办法的启发下，他们设计出6种新的甲基苯丙胺样的半抗原。

　　Once built, they attached the new hapten molecules to carrier proteins, mixed them with adjuvant, injected the results into mice and waited.

　　一旦构建完成，他们把这些新的半抗原分子结合到载体蛋白上，并与佐药混合，注射进小鼠体内，等待结果。

　　After several weeks they tested the mice to see if the animals' blood contained antibodies to methamphetamine.

　　数周后他们检测小鼠血液内是否含有甲基苯丙胺的抗体。

　　Of the six new haptens, three successfully provoked the mice to make such antibodies.

　　在6种新的半抗原中，其中3种成功刺激小鼠产生这些抗体。

　　As a bonus, one of those three also stimulated the production of antibodies against another widely used drug, amphetamine.

　　另外有一个意外收获，在那3种当中有一种可刺激产生另一种广泛使用的药物--苯丙安的抗体。

　　That is still a long way from providing a working vaccine, but it is an important step forward.

　　虽然距离能够供应疫苗的日子还有很长一段路要走，但这是前进中重要的一步。

　　And if human immune systems react in the same way to the new vaccines as murine ones do, the day when a drug addict might be offered vaccination rather than opprobrium will have come a little closer.

　　如果人类免疫系统对新疫苗的反应机制就像鼠科动物那样的话，药物成瘾的人获得的是疫苗而非外界辱骂的这一天的来临就更近了。