关于电子商务英语文章

关于电子商务英语文章

　　随着计算机网络的迅速普及和全球经济一体化,电子商务正越来越广泛地应用于企业的经济贸易领域。下面是学习啦小编带来的关于电子商务英语文章，欢迎阅读!

　　关于电子商务英语文章1

　　靠电子商务拯救世界 Internet is a bane for developing economies

　　Last week, Jack Ma called for a new “e-WTO” with the aim of helping small businesses get on theInternet, as the best hope in the fight against poverty. This appeal came after Alibaba’slargest ever “Singles Day” a week earlier, with almost US.3bn of merchandise sold in 24hours. Alibaba’s social media accounts even reported that Premier Li Keqiang called CEO JackMa to wish him a successful day. “Singles Day” is now the world’s largest shopping day,dwarfingeven the United States’ “Black Friday.”

　　不久前，马云(Jack Ma)呼吁建立一个新的、旨在帮助小企业利用互联网的“电子世贸组织”(e-WTO)，并将此作为消除贫困的最大希望所在。马云发出此番呼吁一周之前，阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在“光棍节”(Singles Day)当天24小时内销售了创历史新高的近143亿美元的商品。阿里巴巴的社交媒体账户甚至宣称，中国也致电马云，预祝“双十一”取得成功。“光棍节”如今已成为世界规模最大的购物狂欢节，甚至连美国的“黑色星期五”(Black Friday)都相形见绌。

　　These are the latest manifestations of a worrying obsession with e-commerce and theInternet in Asia’s largest economies. In March, Beijing announced its new “Internet Plus” planto expand Internet connectivity. Premier Li, when describing it, brought up the “mobileInternet”, “cloud computing”, “big data”, “intelligent manufacturing” and the “Internet ofThings,” in a manner similar to business leaders in America. Nor is this digital obsessionrestricted to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s meeting with Mark Zuckerberg atFacebook’s headquarters received as much, if not more, media attention as his address onsustainable development to the United Nations days earlier.From the almost breathless mannerin which business leaders use words like “innovation”, “the sharing economy” and “makerspaces”, it can sometimes be hard to distinguish real analysis from wild speculation whentalking about the Internet and e-commerce. The assertion is that digital expansion wouldallow countries to skip entire stages of development, such as investing in real infrastructure,preventing life-threatening pollution, managing resources carefully, and installing valuesystems in an increasingly ethically-challenged world. What the focus on e-commerce actuallyrepresents is the continued inability of the developing world to free itself from Western ideasabout models for economic growth and definitions of modernity.

　　这是亚洲大型经济体令人担忧地醉心于电子商务和互联网的最新表现。今年3月，中国政府宣布了新的“互联网+”(Internet Plus)计划，目的是扩大网络连通性。在描绘这一计划时，以近似于美国商界领袖的方式提及了“移动互联网”、“云计算”、“大数据”、“智能制造”以及“物联网”等概念。这种对数字化的痴迷并不仅限于中国。印度纳伦德拉莫迪(Narendra Modi)在Facebook总部与马克丠克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)的会面，受到的媒体关注与他在联合国就可持续发展议题发表演讲时一样多——如果不是更多的话。在谈到互联网与电子商务时，从商业领袖嘴里不停冒出的“创新”、“分享经济”和“创客空间”中，有时很难分辨出是真正的分析还是疯狂的投机。有断言称，数字化扩张将使各国能够将一些发展阶段完全跳过——如对实体基础设施进行投资，防止危及生存的污染，审慎管理资源以及在道德日益遭到挑战的世界确立价值体系。对电子商务的关注实际上体现出，发展中国家一直不能摆脱西方关于经济增长模式的理念及对现代性的定义。

　　The claim that the Internet will fundamentally transform development is unproven anduntested. What is clear is that the Internet makes consumption easier, faster and moreexpansive than ever before. Analysts have thus looked to e-commerce and China’s Internetgiants to help “save” China’s economic model from slowing down.

　　互联网将从根本上改变发展模式的断言既未经证实，也未经检验。当下明显的是，互联网使消费变得比以往任何时候更容易、更快、更无所不包。因此，分析师们开始指望电子商务以及中国的互联网巨头帮助“拯救”中国的经济模式免于陷入增长放缓。

　　However, this is the last thing China and other developing countries need. The reality is that e-commerce reduces the private costs of consumption, but little, if anything, to reduce itsoverall social cost. Now, billions of locally-produced products have a massive carbon footprint,as they transported across large distances to faraway customers at a time when we need to bereducing our carbon emissions. In addition, internet retail relies on a growing globaladdiction to wasteful impulse-buying as driver of its business model —“Singles Day” and“Cyber Monday” are testament to that.

　　但是，这是中国及其他发展中国家最不需要做的事。现实情况是，电子商务降低了消费行为的私人成本，但很少、甚至根本没有减少消费的整体社会成本。如今，正当我们需要减少碳排放之际，数十亿计地方制造的产品在跨越千里送到遥远的消费者手中的同时也产生了巨大的碳足迹。此外，网络零售依靠全球越来越着迷于浪费性冲动购物作为此种商业模式的推动力——“双十一”和“网络星期一”(Cyber Monday)即为证明。

　　Thus, e-commerce increases the divergence between what the individual pays and whatsociety suffers. If one accepts that our economic model thrives on under-pricing goods andservices to promote relentless consumption by externalising its true cost (such asgreenhouse gases and carbon emissions), then e-commerce, by making goods cheaper,worsens the economy’s market failure. This will only lead to greater costs being placed on themajority due to the external costs central to underpriced consumption. The institutionssociety depends upon to draw the balance between consumption, protection andconservation—be they governments, watchdogs or international agencies—are put underenormous pressure as production and consumption become far easier and faster through theInternet.

　　因此，电子商务加剧了个人支出与社会成本之间的不平衡。如果人们接受并认为，我们的经济模式要依靠定价偏低的商品与服务实现繁荣，而后者又通过将自身真实成本(如温室气体和碳排放)外部化来推动疯狂消费，那么电子商务就通过降低商品价格加剧了市场经济失灵。这只会让大多数人被迫承担更大的成本，因为价格偏低的消费的核心就是造成外部成本。随着互联网使得生产与消费变得更便捷、更迅速，社会所依赖的在消费、环境保护与节约之间保持平衡的机构——不论是政府、监管机构，还是国际机构——均面临巨大压力。

　　The truth is that the ability to access Facebook or Alibaba is simply not a priority for amajority that has yet to fulfil their basic needs. How would “the Internet of Things” lead to realdevelopment outcomes for the global poor? How would the majority gain access to the rightsof life—food, water, sanitation, healthcare, education—through e-commerce?

　　事实是，能够访问Facebook或阿里巴巴对于大多数仍未满足自身基本需求的人而言根本不重要。“物联网”如何为全球贫困人口带来真正的发展成果?多数人又如何通过电子商务获得包括食物、水、卫生、医疗、教育在内的生命权?

　　Hoping that the Internet, by supposedly unleashing consumption and entrepreneurship, willhelp the poor is merely another example of wishful economic thinking: where helping those atthe top would hopefully trickle down to the poor. Even in the United States, with its decade-long head start in digital connectivity, it has yet to be seen how e-commerce helps the lives ofthe unemployed and the working classes—if anything, it has taken jobs away. Part of thesavings from e-commerce has come at the expense of labour, by providing fewer jobs withless job security and fewer benefits than traditional employment. This is not a model to berepeated in the developing world where millions are looking for a decent job and still lacksecure access to basic needs as well as the social safety nets meant to be provided by thestate.

　　期待互联网——通过所谓释放消费和创业精神——能帮助穷人只是又一种一厢情愿的经济思维：顶层富人受益的同时可能向穷人下渗一些好处。即使在数字化连接领域领先了10年的美国，也尚未看到电子商务对失业者和工薪阶层的生活有什么帮助——如果说有什么影响的话，也是夺走了就业机会。电子商务带来的部分收益是以牺牲劳动者权益为代价的，因为其提供的工作岗位比起传统就业更少，工作保障和收入也更少。这并非发展中世界应该效仿的模式，发展中国家仍有数以百万计的人口正在寻找体面的工作，仍缺乏满足基本需求的有保障途径，而且本应由国家提供的社会保障网也不完善。

　　To be fair to China, Beijing has yet to reveal the full details of the “Internet Plus” plan or itssignificance in its future development program. Over the next five years, China is currentlypredicted to spend about Rmb2tn, or 3bn, on the Internet — a large amount, to be sure,but dwarfed by the Rmb17tn, or

关于电子商务英语文章

　　随着计算机网络的迅速普及和全球经济一体化,电子商务正越来越广泛地应用于企业的经济贸易领域。下面是学习啦小编带来的关于电子商务英语文章，欢迎阅读!

　　关于电子商务英语文章1

　　靠电子商务拯救世界 Internet is a bane for developing economies

　　Last week, Jack Ma called for a new “e-WTO” with the aim of helping small businesses get on theInternet, as the best hope in the fight against poverty. This appeal came after Alibaba’slargest ever “Singles Day” a week earlier, with almost US$14.3bn of merchandise sold in 24hours. Alibaba’s social media accounts even reported that Premier Li Keqiang called CEO JackMa to wish him a successful day. “Singles Day” is now the world’s largest shopping day,dwarfingeven the United States’ “Black Friday.”

　　不久前，马云(Jack Ma)呼吁建立一个新的、旨在帮助小企业利用互联网的“电子世贸组织”(e-WTO)，并将此作为消除贫困的最大希望所在。马云发出此番呼吁一周之前，阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在“光棍节”(Singles Day)当天24小时内销售了创历史新高的近143亿美元的商品。阿里巴巴的社交媒体账户甚至宣称，中国也致电马云，预祝“双十一”取得成功。“光棍节”如今已成为世界规模最大的购物狂欢节，甚至连美国的“黑色星期五”(Black Friday)都相形见绌。

　　These are the latest manifestations of a worrying obsession with e-commerce and theInternet in Asia’s largest economies. In March, Beijing announced its new “Internet Plus” planto expand Internet connectivity. Premier Li, when describing it, brought up the “mobileInternet”, “cloud computing”, “big data”, “intelligent manufacturing” and the “Internet ofThings,” in a manner similar to business leaders in America. Nor is this digital obsessionrestricted to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s meeting with Mark Zuckerberg atFacebook’s headquarters received as much, if not more, media attention as his address onsustainable development to the United Nations days earlier.From the almost breathless mannerin which business leaders use words like “innovation”, “the sharing economy” and “makerspaces”, it can sometimes be hard to distinguish real analysis from wild speculation whentalking about the Internet and e-commerce. The assertion is that digital expansion wouldallow countries to skip entire stages of development, such as investing in real infrastructure,preventing life-threatening pollution, managing resources carefully, and installing valuesystems in an increasingly ethically-challenged world. What the focus on e-commerce actuallyrepresents is the continued inability of the developing world to free itself from Western ideasabout models for economic growth and definitions of modernity.

　　这是亚洲大型经济体令人担忧地醉心于电子商务和互联网的最新表现。今年3月，中国政府宣布了新的“互联网+”(Internet Plus)计划，目的是扩大网络连通性。在描绘这一计划时，以近似于美国商界领袖的方式提及了“移动互联网”、“云计算”、“大数据”、“智能制造”以及“物联网”等概念。这种对数字化的痴迷并不仅限于中国。印度纳伦德拉莫迪(Narendra Modi)在Facebook总部与马克丠克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)的会面，受到的媒体关注与他在联合国就可持续发展议题发表演讲时一样多——如果不是更多的话。在谈到互联网与电子商务时，从商业领袖嘴里不停冒出的“创新”、“分享经济”和“创客空间”中，有时很难分辨出是真正的分析还是疯狂的投机。有断言称，数字化扩张将使各国能够将一些发展阶段完全跳过——如对实体基础设施进行投资，防止危及生存的污染，审慎管理资源以及在道德日益遭到挑战的世界确立价值体系。对电子商务的关注实际上体现出，发展中国家一直不能摆脱西方关于经济增长模式的理念及对现代性的定义。

　　The claim that the Internet will fundamentally transform development is unproven anduntested. What is clear is that the Internet makes consumption easier, faster and moreexpansive than ever before. Analysts have thus looked to e-commerce and China’s Internetgiants to help “save” China’s economic model from slowing down.

　　互联网将从根本上改变发展模式的断言既未经证实，也未经检验。当下明显的是，互联网使消费变得比以往任何时候更容易、更快、更无所不包。因此，分析师们开始指望电子商务以及中国的互联网巨头帮助“拯救”中国的经济模式免于陷入增长放缓。

　　However, this is the last thing China and other developing countries need. The reality is that e-commerce reduces the private costs of consumption, but little, if anything, to reduce itsoverall social cost. Now, billions of locally-produced products have a massive carbon footprint,as they transported across large distances to faraway customers at a time when we need to bereducing our carbon emissions. In addition, internet retail relies on a growing globaladdiction to wasteful impulse-buying as driver of its business model —“Singles Day” and“Cyber Monday” are testament to that.

　　但是，这是中国及其他发展中国家最不需要做的事。现实情况是，电子商务降低了消费行为的私人成本，但很少、甚至根本没有减少消费的整体社会成本。如今，正当我们需要减少碳排放之际，数十亿计地方制造的产品在跨越千里送到遥远的消费者手中的同时也产生了巨大的碳足迹。此外，网络零售依靠全球越来越着迷于浪费性冲动购物作为此种商业模式的推动力——“双十一”和“网络星期一”(Cyber Monday)即为证明。

　　Thus, e-commerce increases the divergence between what the individual pays and whatsociety suffers. If one accepts that our economic model thrives on under-pricing goods andservices to promote relentless consumption by externalising its true cost (such asgreenhouse gases and carbon emissions), then e-commerce, by making goods cheaper,worsens the economy’s market failure. This will only lead to greater costs being placed on themajority due to the external costs central to underpriced consumption. The institutionssociety depends upon to draw the balance between consumption, protection andconservation—be they governments, watchdogs or international agencies—are put underenormous pressure as production and consumption become far easier and faster through theInternet.

　　因此，电子商务加剧了个人支出与社会成本之间的不平衡。如果人们接受并认为，我们的经济模式要依靠定价偏低的商品与服务实现繁荣，而后者又通过将自身真实成本(如温室气体和碳排放)外部化来推动疯狂消费，那么电子商务就通过降低商品价格加剧了市场经济失灵。这只会让大多数人被迫承担更大的成本，因为价格偏低的消费的核心就是造成外部成本。随着互联网使得生产与消费变得更便捷、更迅速，社会所依赖的在消费、环境保护与节约之间保持平衡的机构——不论是政府、监管机构，还是国际机构——均面临巨大压力。

　　The truth is that the ability to access Facebook or Alibaba is simply not a priority for amajority that has yet to fulfil their basic needs. How would “the Internet of Things” lead to realdevelopment outcomes for the global poor? How would the majority gain access to the rightsof life—food, water, sanitation, healthcare, education—through e-commerce?

　　事实是，能够访问Facebook或阿里巴巴对于大多数仍未满足自身基本需求的人而言根本不重要。“物联网”如何为全球贫困人口带来真正的发展成果?多数人又如何通过电子商务获得包括食物、水、卫生、医疗、教育在内的生命权?

　　Hoping that the Internet, by supposedly unleashing consumption and entrepreneurship, willhelp the poor is merely another example of wishful economic thinking: where helping those atthe top would hopefully trickle down to the poor. Even in the United States, with its decade-long head start in digital connectivity, it has yet to be seen how e-commerce helps the lives ofthe unemployed and the working classes—if anything, it has taken jobs away. Part of thesavings from e-commerce has come at the expense of labour, by providing fewer jobs withless job security and fewer benefits than traditional employment. This is not a model to berepeated in the developing world where millions are looking for a decent job and still lacksecure access to basic needs as well as the social safety nets meant to be provided by thestate.

　　期待互联网——通过所谓释放消费和创业精神——能帮助穷人只是又一种一厢情愿的经济思维：顶层富人受益的同时可能向穷人下渗一些好处。即使在数字化连接领域领先了10年的美国，也尚未看到电子商务对失业者和工薪阶层的生活有什么帮助——如果说有什么影响的话，也是夺走了就业机会。电子商务带来的部分收益是以牺牲劳动者权益为代价的，因为其提供的工作岗位比起传统就业更少，工作保障和收入也更少。这并非发展中世界应该效仿的模式，发展中国家仍有数以百万计的人口正在寻找体面的工作，仍缺乏满足基本需求的有保障途径，而且本应由国家提供的社会保障网也不完善。

　　To be fair to China, Beijing has yet to reveal the full details of the “Internet Plus” plan or itssignificance in its future development program. Over the next five years, China is currentlypredicted to spend about Rmb2tn, or $313bn, on the Internet — a large amount, to be sure,but dwarfed by the Rmb17tn, or $2.6tn, that China will spend on environmental protection.

　　公平而言，北京方面尚未透露“互联网+”计划的全部细节或在其未来发展规划中的重要性。目前预计中国未来五年将在互联网领域投入约2万亿元人民币(合3130亿美元)——可以肯定，这是一笔巨额投入，但与中国将在环境保护上支出的17万亿元人民币(约合2.6万亿美元)相比就很小了。

　　However, the risk remains that Chinawill be distracted by a lop-sided view of the economicbenefits of e-commerce. This risk is not limited to China. Prime Minister Modi has called for anational fibre optic network and pledged the construction of hundreds of “smart cities.”These goals seem outlandish given the very real development issues that plague India, such asthe lack of consistent and adequate access to adequate sanitation and clean water. Fundingthe pipes that would carry the latter rather than optic cables would certainly make a great dealof sense, yet it is only the investment in Internet connectivity that attracts the attention andinterest of politicians and investors.

　　然而，风险依然存在：关于电子商务经济效益的片面观点将分散中国决策者的注意力。这种风险不仅存在于中国。印度莫迪曾呼吁建立全国光纤网络，并宣称要建设数百个“智能城市”。考虑到困扰印度的众多现实发展问题——如缺乏卫生设施和清洁水的持续充足供应，这些目标显得格格不入。显然，投资于输送清洁水的管道、而非光缆才是极为合理的，然而，只有网络连接方面的投资才能吸引政界人士和投资者的注意与兴趣。

　　The issues faced by China, Indiaand the developing world have no precedent in human history,and seeking solutions via archaic economic models and technology fads is sheer folly. Theireconomic development has already led to huge environmental degradation: China’s official newsagencies now use the term “doomsday” to describe air pollution.

　　中印以及整个发展中世界所面临的问题在人类历史上没有先例，通过过时的经济模型和技术风潮寻求解决方案绝对是愚蠢的。这些国家的经济发展已经带来了大范围的环境退化：中国官方新闻机构如今用“世界末日”一词来形容国内的空气污染。

　　Billions of poor have yet to have their basic needs met, let alone share in prosperity. These arethe people that those involved in “maker spaces” or “the sharing economy” convenientlyignore. After all, the poor don’t have anything to share in what so far is an “un-sharing” globaleconomy typified by widening economic disparities. The Internet will surely not solve theseproblems, and more free-riding consumption is the last thingChina orIndia needs. Using theInternet as a crutch must not distract from the tough work of development.

　　数十亿计的贫困人口仍未能满足自身的基本需求，更不用说共享繁荣。他们就是被那些参与“创客空间”或“共享经济”的人轻易忽视的群体。毕竟，在迄今仍为“非共享”且发展差距日益扩大的全球经济中，穷人没有什么可供分享。互联网必然无法解决这些问题，更多的搭便车式消费是中国和印度最不需要的。利用互联网作为拐杖不能影响为发展所要付出的艰难努力。

　　By extension, China and India must have “dreams” that are bigger than the Internet. Theyneed to take the lead in figuring out a new model of development for the 21stCentury thatintelligently leverages science and technology, but without being seduced by musings about e-commerce that mask deep structural flaws of current economic models. Resolving thosepressing issues should be the real “innovation” that lies at the heart of any developmentprogram.

　　更进一步而言，中国和印度必须有比拥抱互联网更大的“梦想”。他们需要带头为21世纪找到一种新的发展模式——智慧地利用科学技术，同时不能因迷恋掩盖了当前经济模式深层次结构缺陷的电子商务而误入歧途。解决这些紧迫问题才是应该居于所有发展规划核心的真正“创新”。

　　关于电子商务英语文章2

　　电子商务的定义和内容

　　Electronic Commerce over the Internet is a new concept. In recent years, it has become sobroadly used that it is often left undifferentiated from other current trends which rely onautomation, such as concurrent engineering and just in time manufacturing. Many companies,including CyberCash, Dig Cash, First Virtual, and Open Market had provided a variety ofelectronic commerce services.

　　通过Internet的电子商务是一个新概念。在近年，它已经被如此广泛的使用以至于它与当前依靠自动化的其他趋势无差别，例如程学和即时生产。很多公司，包括CyberCash、Dig Cash、First Virtua和Open Market已经提供多种电子商务服务。

　　If you have access to a personal computer (PC) and can connect to the Internet with a browser,you can do business online. No more worries about programming. No more searching foroutdated catalogs as a customer or printing catalogs as a merchant. No more looking forphone numbers, paying long-distance to connect, or keeping the store open late into theevening. Just get on the Web, open an online store, and watch your business grow.

　　如果你有机会使用一部个人计算机并且能通过浏览连接上Internet，你就能在线做生意。不用再为编程担心。客户再也不用寻找过时的目录，而商家再也不用打印目录。再也不用查询电话号码，支付长途费用，或者很晚还开着商店。只要上网，开一家网上商店，就可以看你的生意增长。

　　The wired world of business, developed technology, human talent, and a new way of doingbusiness make up today's growing worldwide economy. The backbone of this electroniccommerce is the Internet. The wired world is not about technology, it is about information,decision making, and communication. The wired world is changing life for everyone, from thesingle household to the largest corporation. No business can afford to ignore the potentialof a connected economy.

　　技术，人的才能，和新经营方式构成今天的日益增长的全球经济。电子商务的根基是 Internet。网络世界不仅仅是技术，它是关于信息、决策和交际的网。这个世界正在改变每个人的生活，从单个的家庭到大的公司。没有企业能忽视互联网经济的潜能。

　　Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and sellingor exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including theInternet. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

　　电子商务作为新兴的概念，它描述广通过计算机网络(包括Internet)买卖或交换商品、服务与信息的过程。Kalakota 和 Whinston (1997)从以下角度定义了电子商务：

　　From a communications perspective, EC is the delivery of information, products/services, orpayments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means.

　　从通信角度看，电子商务是通过电话线路、计算机网络或其他电子方式传递信息、产品、服务或支付。

　　From a business process perspective, EC is the application of technology toward theautomation of business transactions and work flow.

　　从商务角度看，电子商务是为促使商务交易及工流程自动化而实施的技术成用。

　　From a service perspective, EC is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, andmanagement to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speedof service delivery.

　　从服务角度看，电子商务是一种工具，用来帮助公司、消费者和管理者减少服务成本，提高产品质量，加快服务速度。

　　From an on-line perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products andinformation on the Internet and other on-line services.

　　从在线角度看，电子商务通过Internet及其联机服务，提供商品与信息的购买和销售。

　　The term commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners.Therefore, the term electronic commerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus,many use the term e-business. It refers to a broader definition of EC, not just buying andselling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conductingelectronic transactions within an organization. According to Lou Gerstner, IBM's CEO: "E-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching newcustomers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage."

　　人们将商务看作商业伙伴之间的交易行为。因此，对于某些人来说，电子商务的概念有些偏窄。所以许多人使用e-business —词，即广义的电子商务。广义的电子商务不仅涉及到买与卖，还包括对客户的服务，商业伙伴之间的合作以及企业组织内部的电子交易。 根据IBM公司首席执行官Lou Gerstner所言：“广义的电子商务是一个完整的周期，意味着高速度、全球化、增加产量、获得新的客户、共享竞争优势。”

　　Just like any other type of commerce, electronic commerce involves two parties: businessesand consumers. There are three basic types of electronic commerce.

　　正如任何其他类型商业一样，电子商务主要包含两个主体：企业和消费者。有三种基本的电子商务类型。

　　Business-to-Consumer (B2C): These are retailing transactions with individual shoppers. Thetypical shopper at Amazon.com is a consumer, or a customer. Oftentimes, this arrangementeliminates the middleman by providing manufacturers direct sales to customers. Other times,retail stores create a presence on the Web as another way to reach customers.

　　企业对消费者(B2C)：这是一种而向个体购物者的零售交易。诸如亚马逊网站的客户，就是典型的个体购物者。通常这种模式将产品直接销售给客户，免去了许多中间环节。另外，零售商通过Web站点和客户建立了另外一个通道。

　　Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): This category involves individuals selling to individuals. Thisoften takes the form of an electronic version of the classified ads or an auction. Goods aredescribed and interested buyers contact sellers to negotiate prices. Unlike traditional sales viaclassified ads and auctions, buyers and sellers typically never meet face-to-face. Examples areindividuals selling in classified ads and selling residential property, cars, and so on. Advertisingpersonal services on the Internet and selling knowledge and expertise is another example ofC2C. Several auction sites allow individuals to put items up for auctions. Finally, many individualsare using internal networks to advertise items for sale or service.

　　消费者对消费者(C2C)：在这一类型中消费者与消费者之间直接进行交易。经常采取分类广告或拍卖的电子形式，货物在网上展示吸引买方与卖方议价。与通过分类广告和拍卖的传统的销售不同，买方和卖方通常从未见过面。例如，个人在分类广告中销售房产或轿车等。在Internet上提供个人服务广告，进行专业性的咨询服务是C2C的另外一个例证。有几个拍卖网站提供个人的拍卖服务项目。最后，还有许多人通过内联网提供销售或服务的广告信息。

　　Business-to-Business (B2B): This category involves the sale of a product or service fromone business to another. This is typically a manufacturer-supplier relationship. For example, afurniture manufacturer requires raw materials such as wood, paint, and varnish. In B2Belectronic commerce, manufacturers electronically place orders with suppliers and many timespayment is made electronically.

　　企业对企业(B2B)：在这一类型中涉及企业与企业之间进行产品和服务的交易。通常是一种制造商与供应者的关系。例如，一个家具制造商需要原料(例如木头，画，以及淸漆)。在企业对企业电子商务过程中，制造商以电子方式向供应商订购，很多次款项都以电子方式支付。

　　Many people think EC is just having a Web site, but EC is much more than that. There aredozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in on-line stores and malls,buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating electronically onresearch and development projects. To execute these applications, it is necessary to havesupporting information and organizational infrastructure and systems. EC applications aresupported by infrastructures, and their implementation is dependent on four major areas:people, public policy, technical standards and protocols, and other organizations. The ECmanagement coordinates the applications, infrastructures, and pillars.

　　很多人认为电子商务就是有一个网站，但是电子商务远不止于此。电子商务的应用很广，如家庭银行业务、在线商店和商业区的购物、买股票、找到一个工作、进行一次拍卖以及在网上合作研发项目等等。为了执行这些应用，有支持信息和机构化的基础结构和系统是必要的。基础设施支持电子商务成用，并且它们的实施依赖于四个主要方面：人民、国家政策、技术标准和协议以及其他组织。电子商务管理协调应用，基础设施和支柱。

.6tn, that China will spend on environmental protection.

　　公平而言，北京方面尚未透露“互联网+”计划的全部细节或在其未来发展规划中的重要性。目前预计中国未来五年将在互联网领域投入约2万亿元人民币(合3130亿美元)——可以肯定，这是一笔巨额投入，但与中国将在环境保护上支出的17万亿元人民币(约合2.6万亿美元)相比就很小了。

　　However, the risk remains that Chinawill be distracted by a lop-sided view of the economicbenefits of e-commerce. This risk is not limited to China. Prime Minister Modi has called for anational fibre optic network and pledged the construction of hundreds of “smart cities.”These goals seem outlandish given the very real development issues that plague India, such asthe lack of consistent and adequate access to adequate sanitation and clean water. Fundingthe pipes that would carry the latter rather than optic cables would certainly make a great dealof sense, yet it is only the investment in Internet connectivity that attracts the attention andinterest of politicians and investors.

　　然而，风险依然存在：关于电子商务经济效益的片面观点将分散中国决策者的注意力。这种风险不仅存在于中国。印度莫迪曾呼吁建立全国光纤网络，并宣称要建设数百个“智能城市”。考虑到困扰印度的众多现实发展问题——如缺乏卫生设施和清洁水的持续充足供应，这些目标显得格格不入。显然，投资于输送清洁水的管道、而非光缆才是极为合理的，然而，只有网络连接方面的投资才能吸引政界人士和投资者的注意与兴趣。

　　The issues faced by China, Indiaand the developing world have no precedent in human history,and seeking solutions via archaic economic models and technology fads is sheer folly. Theireconomic development has already led to huge environmental degradation: China’s official newsagencies now use the term “doomsday” to describe air pollution.

　　中印以及整个发展中世界所面临的问题在人类历史上没有先例，通过过时的经济模型和技术风潮寻求解决方案绝对是愚蠢的。这些国家的经济发展已经带来了大范围的环境退化：中国官方新闻机构如今用“世界末日”一词来形容国内的空气污染。

　　Billions of poor have yet to have their basic needs met, let alone share in prosperity. These arethe people that those involved in “maker spaces” or “the sharing economy” convenientlyignore. After all, the poor don’t have anything to share in what so far is an “un-sharing” globaleconomy typified by widening economic disparities. The Internet will surely not solve theseproblems, and more free-riding consumption is the last thingChina orIndia needs. Using theInternet as a crutch must not distract from the tough work of development.

　　数十亿计的贫困人口仍未能满足自身的基本需求，更不用说共享繁荣。他们就是被那些参与“创客空间”或“共享经济”的人轻易忽视的群体。毕竟，在迄今仍为“非共享”且发展差距日益扩大的全球经济中，穷人没有什么可供分享。互联网必然无法解决这些问题，更多的搭便车式消费是中国和印度最不需要的。利用互联网作为拐杖不能影响为发展所要付出的艰难努力。

　　By extension, China and India must have “dreams” that are bigger than the Internet. Theyneed to take the lead in figuring out a new model of development for the 21stCentury thatintelligently leverages science and technology, but without being seduced by musings about e-commerce that mask deep structural flaws of current economic models. Resolving thosepressing issues should be the real “innovation” that lies at the heart of any developmentprogram.

　　更进一步而言，中国和印度必须有比拥抱互联网更大的“梦想”。他们需要带头为21世纪找到一种新的发展模式——智慧地利用科学技术，同时不能因迷恋掩盖了当前经济模式深层次结构缺陷的电子商务而误入歧途。解决这些紧迫问题才是应该居于所有发展规划核心的真正“创新”。

　　关于电子商务英语文章2

　　电子商务的定义和内容

　　Electronic Commerce over the Internet is a new concept. In recent years, it has become sobroadly used that it is often left undifferentiated from other current trends which rely onautomation, such as concurrent engineering and just in time manufacturing. Many companies,including CyberCash, Dig Cash, First Virtual, and Open Market had provided a variety ofelectronic commerce services.

　　通过Internet的电子商务是一个新概念。在近年，它已经被如此广泛的使用以至于它与当前依靠自动化的其他趋势无差别，例如程学和即时生产。很多公司，包括CyberCash、Dig Cash、First Virtua和Open Market已经提供多种电子商务服务。

　　If you have access to a personal computer (PC) and can connect to the Internet with a browser,you can do business online. No more worries about programming. No more searching foroutdated catalogs as a customer or printing catalogs as a merchant. No more looking forphone numbers, paying long-distance to connect, or keeping the store open late into theevening. Just get on the Web, open an online store, and watch your business grow.

　　如果你有机会使用一部个人计算机并且能通过浏览连接上Internet，你就能在线做生意。不用再为编程担心。客户再也不用寻找过时的目录，而商家再也不用打印目录。再也不用查询电话号码，支付长途费用，或者很晚还开着商店。只要上网，开一家网上商店，就可以看你的生意增长。

　　The wired world of business, developed technology, human talent, and a new way of doingbusiness make up today's growing worldwide economy. The backbone of this electroniccommerce is the Internet. The wired world is not about technology, it is about information,decision making, and communication. The wired world is changing life for everyone, from thesingle household to the largest corporation. No business can afford to ignore the potentialof a connected economy.

　　技术，人的才能，和新经营方式构成今天的日益增长的全球经济。电子商务的根基是 Internet。网络世界不仅仅是技术，它是关于信息、决策和交际的网。这个世界正在改变每个人的生活，从单个的家庭到大的公司。没有企业能忽视互联网经济的潜能。

　　Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and sellingor exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including theInternet. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

　　电子商务作为新兴的概念，它描述广通过计算机网络(包括Internet)买卖或交换商品、服务与信息的过程。Kalakota 和 Whinston (1997)从以下角度定义了电子商务：

　　From a communications perspective, EC is the delivery of information, products/services, orpayments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means.

　　从通信角度看，电子商务是通过电话线路、计算机网络或其他电子方式传递信息、产品、服务或支付。

　　From a business process perspective, EC is the application of technology toward theautomation of business transactions and work flow.

　　从商务角度看，电子商务是为促使商务交易及工流程自动化而实施的技术成用。

　　From a service perspective, EC is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, andmanagement to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speedof service delivery.

　　从服务角度看，电子商务是一种工具，用来帮助公司、消费者和管理者减少服务成本，提高产品质量，加快服务速度。

　　From an on-line perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products andinformation on the Internet and other on-line services.

　　从在线角度看，电子商务通过Internet及其联机服务，提供商品与信息的购买和销售。

　　The term commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners.Therefore, the term electronic commerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus,many use the term e-business. It refers to a broader definition of EC, not just buying andselling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conductingelectronic transactions within an organization. According to Lou Gerstner, IBM's CEO: "E-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching newcustomers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage."

　　人们将商务看作商业伙伴之间的交易行为。因此，对于某些人来说，电子商务的概念有些偏窄。所以许多人使用e-business —词，即广义的电子商务。广义的电子商务不仅涉及到买与卖，还包括对客户的服务，商业伙伴之间的合作以及企业组织内部的电子交易。 根据IBM公司首席执行官Lou Gerstner所言：“广义的电子商务是一个完整的周期，意味着高速度、全球化、增加产量、获得新的客户、共享竞争优势。”

　　Just like any other type of commerce, electronic commerce involves two parties: businessesand consumers. There are three basic types of electronic commerce.

　　正如任何其他类型商业一样，电子商务主要包含两个主体：企业和消费者。有三种基本的电子商务类型。

　　Business-to-Consumer (B2C): These are retailing transactions with individual shoppers. Thetypical shopper at Amazon.com is a consumer, or a customer. Oftentimes, this arrangementeliminates the middleman by providing manufacturers direct sales to customers. Other times,retail stores create a presence on the Web as another way to reach customers.

　　企业对消费者(B2C)：这是一种而向个体购物者的零售交易。诸如亚马逊网站的客户，就是典型的个体购物者。通常这种模式将产品直接销售给客户，免去了许多中间环节。另外，零售商通过Web站点和客户建立了另外一个通道。

　　Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): This category involves individuals selling to individuals. Thisoften takes the form of an electronic version of the classified ads or an auction. Goods aredescribed and interested buyers contact sellers to negotiate prices. Unlike traditional sales viaclassified ads and auctions, buyers and sellers typically never meet face-to-face. Examples areindividuals selling in classified ads and selling residential property, cars, and so on. Advertisingpersonal services on the Internet and selling knowledge and expertise is another example ofC2C. Several auction sites allow individuals to put items up for auctions. Finally, many individualsare using internal networks to advertise items for sale or service.

　　消费者对消费者(C2C)：在这一类型中消费者与消费者之间直接进行交易。经常采取分类广告或拍卖的电子形式，货物在网上展示吸引买方与卖方议价。与通过分类广告和拍卖的传统的销售不同，买方和卖方通常从未见过面。例如，个人在分类广告中销售房产或轿车等。在Internet上提供个人服务广告，进行专业性的咨询服务是C2C的另外一个例证。有几个拍卖网站提供个人的拍卖服务项目。最后，还有许多人通过内联网提供销售或服务的广告信息。

　　Business-to-Business (B2B): This category involves the sale of a product or service fromone business to another. This is typically a manufacturer-supplier relationship. For example, afurniture manufacturer requires raw materials such as wood, paint, and varnish. In B2Belectronic commerce, manufacturers electronically place orders with suppliers and many timespayment is made electronically.

　　企业对企业(B2B)：在这一类型中涉及企业与企业之间进行产品和服务的交易。通常是一种制造商与供应者的关系。例如，一个家具制造商需要原料(例如木头，画，以及淸漆)。在企业对企业电子商务过程中，制造商以电子方式向供应商订购，很多次款项都以电子方式支付。

　　Many people think EC is just having a Web site, but EC is much more than that. There aredozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in on-line stores and malls,buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating electronically onresearch and development projects. To execute these applications, it is necessary to havesupporting information and organizational infrastructure and systems. EC applications aresupported by infrastructures, and their implementation is dependent on four major areas:people, public policy, technical standards and protocols, and other organizations. The ECmanagement coordinates the applications, infrastructures, and pillars.

　　很多人认为电子商务就是有一个网站，但是电子商务远不止于此。电子商务的应用很广，如家庭银行业务、在线商店和商业区的购物、买股票、找到一个工作、进行一次拍卖以及在网上合作研发项目等等。为了执行这些应用，有支持信息和机构化的基础结构和系统是必要的。基础设施支持电子商务成用，并且它们的实施依赖于四个主要方面：人民、国家政策、技术标准和协议以及其他组织。电子商务管理协调应用，基础设施和支柱。