培根经典散文随笔
弗朗西斯·培根是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《随笔》最初发表于1597年，以后又逐年增补。该书文笔言简意赅、智睿夺目，它包含许多洞察秋毫的经验之谈，其中不仅论及政治而且还探讨许多人生哲理。下面学习啦小编为大家带来培根经典散文随笔，希望大家喜欢!
培根经典散文随笔：论真理
What is truth; said jesting Pilate; and would not stay for an answer. Certainly there be, that delight in giddiness; and count it a bondage, to fix a belief, affecting free-will in thinking, as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursing wits, which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them, as was in those of the ancients.
善戏谑的彼拉多曾说：“真理是什么呢?”说了之后并且不肯等候回答。世上尽有一般人喜欢把意见变来变去，并且认为固定了一种信仰即等于上了一套枷锁;在思想上和在行为上他们都一样地要求意志底自由。并且虽然这一流的各派哲学家已成过去，然而仍有些心志游移的说者和他们同声同气，——虽然这般人比起古人来血气薄弱一点。
But it is not only the difficulty, and labour, which men take in finding out of truth; nor again, mat when it is found, it imposeth upon men s thoughts; that doth bring lies in favour: but a natural, though corrupt love, of the lie itself. One of the later school of me Grecians, examineth the matter, and is at a stand, to think what should be in it, mat men should love lies; where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets; nor for advantage, as with me merchant; but for the lie\'s sake. But I cannot tell: this same truth, is a naked, and open day light, mat doth not show, the masques, and mummeries, and triumphs of the world, half so stately, and daintily, as candlelights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl, that showeth best by day: but it will not rise, to me price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, mat if there were taken out of men s minds, vain opinions, nattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like; but it would leave the minds, of a number of men, poor shrunken things; full of melancholy, and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy, vinum daenwnwn; because it filleth the imagination, and yet it is, but with me shadow of a lie. But it is not me lie, that passeth through the mind, but me lie mat sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth me hurt, such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things arc thus, in men\'s depraved judgements, and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth, that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making, or wooing of it; the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it; and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it; is the sovereign good of human nature.
但是使人们好伪说的原因，不仅是人们找寻真理时的艰难困苦，亦不是找寻着了真理之后真理所加于人们底思想的约束，而是一种天生的，虽然是恶劣的，对于伪说本身的爱好。希腊晚期哲学学派中有人曾研究过这个问题，他不懂得伪说之中有什么东西竟会使人们为伪说底本身而爱它，因为伪说既不能如诗人之所为，引人入胜;亦不能如商人之所为，导人得利。我亦不懂得这是什么缘故：可是“真理”这件东西可说是一种无隐无饰的白昼之光，世间的那些歌剧、扮演、庆典在这种光之下所显露的，远不如灯烛之光所显露的庄严美丽。真理在世人眼中其价值也许等于一颗珍珠，在日光之下看起来最好;但是它决够不上那在各种不同的光线下显得最美的钻石和红玉底价值。搀上一点伪说的道理总是给人添乐趣的。要是从人们底心中取去了虚妄的自是，自谀的希望，错误的评价，武断的想象，就会使许多人底心变成一种可怜的、缩小的东西，充满忧郁和疾病，自己看起来也讨厌。对于这一点会有人怀疑么?早期的耶教著作家中有一位曾经很严厉地把诗叫做“魔鬼底酒”，因为诗能占据人底想象，然而诗不过是伪说底影子罢了。害人的不是那从心中经过的伪说，而是那沉入心中，盘据心中的伪说，如前所言者是也。然而这些事情，无论其在人们堕落的判断力及好尚中是如何，真理(它是只受本身底评判的)却教给我们说研究真理(就是向它求爱求婚)，认识真理(就是与之同处)，和相信真理(就是享受它)乃是人性中最高的美德。
The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense;the last, was the light of reason; and his Sabbath work, ever since, is the illumination of his spirit First he breathed light, upon the face, of the matter or chaos; then he breathed light, into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light, into the face of his chosen. The poet, that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well: \'It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea: a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle, and the adventures thereof, below: but no pleasure is comparable, to the standing, upon the vantage ground of truth:\' (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and serene;) \'and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below:\' so always, that this prospect, be with pity, and not with swelling, or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man\'s mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth. To pass from theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business; it will be acknowledged, even by those mat practise it not, that clear and round dealing is the honour of man\'s nature;and that mixture of falsehood, is like allay in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it For these winding and crooked courses, are the goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet There is no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false, and perfidious. And therefore Mountaigny saith prettily, when he enquired the reason, why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace, and such an odious charge? saith he, \'If it be well weighed, to lay that a man lieth, is as much to say, as mat he is brave towards God, and a coward towards men.\' For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehoods, and breach of faith, cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in mat it shall be the last peal, to call the judgements of God upon the generations of men, it being foretold, that when Christ cometh. He shall not find faith upon the earth.
当上帝创造宇宙的那几日中，他所创造的头一件东西就是感官底光明;他所创造的末一件东西就是理智底光明;从那以后直到如今在他工作完毕而休息的期间内，他底作为全是以他底圣灵昭示世人。最初他在物或浑沌底面上吹吐光明;然后他由人底面目中吹入光明;到如今他还在往他的选民面目之中吐射光明。有一派哲学在别的方面都不如他派，可是有一位诗人为这派哲学增光不少。这位诗人曾说：“站在岸上看船舶在海上簸荡是一件乐事;站在一座堡垒底窗前看下面的战争和它底种种经过最一件乐事;但是没有一件乐事能与站在真理底高峰(一座高出一切的山陵，在那里的空气永远是澄清而宁静的)目睹下面谷中的错误、漂泊、迷雾和风雨相比拟的”;只要看的人对这种光景永存恻隐而不要自满，那末以上的话可算是说得好极了。当然，一个人底心若能以仁爱为动机，以天意为归宿，并且以真理为地轴而动转，那这人的生活可真是地上的天堂了
从教义中的真理和哲学中的真理再说到世事上的真理。即使那些行为并不坦白正直的人也会承认坦白正直地待人是人性底光荣，而真假相混则有如金银币中杂以合金一样，也许可以使那金银用起来方便一点，但是把它们底品质却弄贱了。因为这些曲曲折折的行为可说是蛇走路的方法，蛇是不用脚而是很卑贱地用肚子走路的。没有一件恶德能和被人发现是虚伪欺诈一般使人蒙羞的。所以蒙泰涅在他研究为什么说人说谎算是这样的一种羞辱，一种可恨之极的罪责的时候，说得极好。他说：“仔细考虑起来，要是说某人说谎就等于说他对上帝很大胆，对世人很怯懦”。因为谎言是直对着上帝而躲避着世人的。曾经有个预言，说基督重临的时候，他将在地上找不到信实;所以谎言可说是请上帝来裁判人类全体的最后的钟声。对于虚假和背信底罪恶再不能比这个说法揭露得更高明了。
培根经典散文随笔：论死亡
Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark: and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other. Certainly, the contemplation of death, as the wages of sin, and passage to another world, is holy and religious; but the fear of it, as a tribute due unto nature, is weak. Yet in religious meditations, there is sometimes mixture of vanity, and of superstition.
成人之怕死犹如儿童之怕入暗处;儿童底天然的恐惧因故事而增加，成人对于死的恐惧亦复如此。当然，静观死亡，以之为罪孽底工资，通往另一世界的去路者，是虔诚而且合乎宗教的;但是恐惧死亡，以之为我们对自然应纳的贡献，则是愚弱的。然而在宗教的沉思中有时亦杂有虚妄和迷信
You shall read, in some of the friars\' books of mortifications, that a man should think with himself, what the pain is, if he have but his finger\'s end pressed, or tortured; and thereby imagine, what the pains of death are, when the whole body is corrupted and dissolved; when many times, death passeth with less pain, then the torture of a limb: for the most vital parts are not the quickest of sense. And by him, that spoke only as a philosopher and natural man, it was well said; pompa mortis magis terret, quam mars ipsa. Groans and convulsions, and a discoloured face, and friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like, show death terrible. It is worthy the observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak, but it mates, and masters, the fear of death: and therefore death is no such terrible enemy, when a man hath so many attendants about him that can win the combat of him. Revenge triumphs over death; love slights it; honour aspireth to it; grief flieth to it; fear preoccupieth it; nay we read, after Otho the Emperor had slain himself, pity (which is the tenderest of affections) provoked many to die, out of mere compassion to their sovereign, and as the truest sort of followers. Nay, Seneca adds niceness and satiety; cogita quarn diu. eadem feceris; mori velle, non tantun fortis, out miser, sed etiam fastidiosus potest.
在某种苦行僧底自戒书中你可以看到一种言辞，说是一个人应当自己思量，假如他有一指底末端被压或被刑，其痛苦是如何;由此再想那使人全身腐败溃灭的死亡其痛苦更当如何。实则有多次死亡底经过比一肢之受刑其痛苦尚轻：因为人体最生死攸关的器官并不是最敏于感受的器官也。那位仅以人间哲学家及世人之一的资格说话的古人说得很好：“与死亡俱来的一切，比死亡更骇人”。呻吟与痉挛，变色的面目，朋友哭泣，墨绖及葬仪，诸如此类都显得死底可怕。值得注意者，是人心内的各种感情，无论多么薄弱，没有一种是不能克服对死亡的恐怖的;既然一个人身旁有这样多的侍从，都能打败死亡，可见死亡不算是那样可怕的敌人了。复仇之心胜过死亡;爱恋之心蔑视之;荣誉之心希冀之;忧伤之心奔赴之;恐怖之心先期之;不特如此，我们在书中还读到奥陶大帝自杀之后哀怜之心(感情中之最柔者)使得许多人也死了，他们之死是为了对他们底君上的同情并且要做最忠心的臣子的原故。此外塞奈喀还加上了苛求和厌倦两事。他说：“试想你做同样的事已有多久!不止勇者和贫困者想死，即厌倦无聊者亦想死亡”
A man would die, though he were neither valiant, nor miserable, only upon a weariness to do the same thing, so oft over and over. It is no less worthy to observe, how little alteration, in good spirits, die approaches of death make; for they appear to be the same men, till the last instant Augustus Caesar died in a compliment; Livia, coniugii nostri memor, vive et vale. Tiberius in dissimulation; as Tacitus saith of him; mm Tiberium vires, et corpus, non dissimulatio, deserebant. Vespasian in a jest; sitting upon the stool, ut puto deus fio. Galba with a sentence;feri\', si ex re sit populi Romani, holding forth his neck. Septimius Severus in dispatch; adeste,si quid mihi restat agendum. And the like. Certainly, the Stoics bestowed too much cost upon death, and by their great preparations, made it appear more fearful. Better saith he, qui finem vitae extremism inter munera ponat naturae. It is as natural to die, as to be born; and to a little infant, perhaps, the one is as painful as the other. He that dies in an earnest pursuit, is like one that is wounded in hot blood; who, for the time, scarce feels the hurt;and therefore, a mind fixed, and bent upon somewhat that is good, doth avert me dolours of death: but above all, believe it, the sweetest canticle is, minc difmittis; when a man hath obtained worthy ends, and expectations.
一个人虽然既不勇敢，也不困穷，然而为了倦于屡次作同一的事，也会寻死的。同样值得注意者，是死底来临在豪杰之士底心上所引起的改变是如何地小，因为这些人好象到了最后的一刹那仍然是依然故我似的。奥古斯塔斯大帝死时还在赞颂他底皇后：“永别了，里维亚，请你终身不要忘记我们婚后生活底时光”。泰比瑞亚斯至死仍然作伪，如史家泰西塔斯所谓：“泰比瑞亚斯底体力日渐衰退，但他底作伪如故”。外斯帕显死时还说笑话;他坐在一个凳子上说：“我想我正在变神哪”。加尔巴临死作壮语说：“砍罢!假如这是有益于罗马人民的”。一边说着一边伸颈就死。塞普谛米犹斯·塞外拉斯死得爽快。他说：“假如还有什么我应该做的事，快点来吧”。诸如此类。那些画廊派的哲学家把死底价值抬得太高了，并且因为他们对于死准备过甚，遂使死在人看起来更为可怕。“他把生命底终结算做自然底恩惠之一”。说这句话的那人比较说得对的多了。死与生同其自然;也许在一个婴儿方面生与死是一般痛苦的。在某种热烈的行为中死了的人有如在血液正热的时候受伤的人一样，当时是不觉得痛楚的;所以一个坚定的，一心向善的心智是能免死底痛苦的。但是，尤要者，请你相信，最甜美的歌就是在一个人已经达到了某种有价值的目的和希望后所唱的“如今请你让你底仆人离去”。
Death hath this also; that it openeth the gate to good fame, and extinguisheth envy. - exstinctus amabitur idem.
死还有这一点;就是它打开名誉之门，熄灭妒忌之心。“生时受人妒羡的人死后将受人爱”。培根散文随笔集中英对照，通过阅读文学名著学语言，是掌握英语的绝佳方法。既可
接触原汁原味的英语，又能享受文学之美，一举两得，何乐不为?