托福独立写作中的常见错误详解
托福独立写作中的常见错误详解
托福考试中,想要得到高分是每个托福考生的愿望,那么如何才能让自己的托福写作得到高分?小编为大家整理了关于新托福写作中常见错误的介绍,希望对大家的考试有所帮助。
托福独立写作中的常见错误详解
题目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: For future success, relating well to others is more important than studying hard at school.
某学员的观点为Studying hard is more important for future success,并完成了以下的段落:
[Topic Sentence]First of all, studying hard at school can lay a good foundation. [Explanation] Medicine and law are both need long time to study’s subject. People should learn at least three years to have a basic recognition. [Example]For example, one day a man goes to the hospital. And the doctor who is curing the man says that I may not bring you a healthy body because I can get this job result from my friend. Actually I am not good at it. So I have a question is if you meet a doctor just like this, what would you do? And what would you think about it? This type of people cannot be allowed to appear in the society. It is an opposite instance.
虽然此段的结构很清晰,但是在内容层面,还是有很多常见的托福写作错误发生:
1.解释与主题句逻辑联系不紧密。解释的精髓在于将主题句的抽象概念进行第一层次的具体化,并起到把主题与例子联系起来的桥梁作用。但是,以上文段当中问题比较明显。首先,主题句中的要点在于hard,而解释的部分却表达了long time. 时间长跟努不努力没有关系。
Problematic: Medicine and law are both need long time to study’s subject. People should learn at least three years to have a basic recognition.
Revised: The success of many elites in different fields(埋下伏笔,为例子做铺垫)is the result of unrelenting efforts(同义改写,呼应主题句)in their school days.
2.例证欠缺说服力差。例子需要围绕主题句和解释部分的逻辑展开,比如这道题,最核心的逻辑链条便是由studying hard带来的success。作者想用一个反例来说明如果不好好学习,能力不够是没法在社会上生存的。但是在表达方式上过于口语化,而且语言质量不高。
Problematic: For example, one day a man goes to the hospital. And the doctor who is curing the man says that I may not bring you a healthy body because I can get this job result from my friend. Actually I am not good at it. So I have a question is if you meet a doctor just like this, what would you do? And what would you think about it? This type of people cannot be allowed to appear in the society. It is an opposite instance.
Revised: Doctors serve as an excellent example. [正例]In order to become successful doctors, medical students must read thousands of professional books and papers at school, take numerous tests and spend long hours in the laboratory. No one can deny that hard work at school greatly contributes to their reputation and expertise. Patients will be more comfortable receiving medical treatment from these doctors. [反例]Conversely, no one is willing to see a doctor who is poor in academics but good at establishing social connections.
段落开头的格式:
英文段落开头的格式分为两种,缩进式和齐头式。
缩进式:英文段落开头的缩进式与现代汉语的段落开头很相似。在段落开头第一个单词之前空出4至8个字符。采用这种方式的托福写作备考,段落与段落之间不用空行。
以上就是小编为大家整理的关于新托福写作中常见错误的介绍,希望大家看完有所了解!
托福写作中冠词误用
一、冠词省略现象
有些考生在托福写作时经常会省略掉冠词,造成冠词误用的现象。冠词省略主要出现在以下几种情况中:
1. 固定词组中、某些专有名词前省略冠词
在此类固定词组中省略冠词的现象很普遍。比如,在汉语“养成一个好习惯”中,我们完全可以省去量词而不影响表达,但在英语中却不能省。当中国学生使用英语名词时,汉语语法的影响就出现了,再加上记忆固定词组时存在偏差,省略冠词就很容易出现。在某些专有名词前要用定冠词,如果记忆不准就可能省去冠词,再加上汉语的专有名词前没有相应的功能词修饰语,母语迁移也可导致省去定冠词。例如:“in (the) course of learning English”,“get into (a) good habit of saving water”等。
2. 在形容词比较级、最高级和序数词前省略定冠词
这种情况下汉语的影响更大。汉语里说“……比……大/小等;最……”等等,加上对英语比较级和最高级的用法不熟悉,考生在使用它们时省略“the”就不足为奇了。出现较多的是在“the more…the more…”这一句型中省略“the”和在多音节形容词最高级前的“most”前省略“the”。英语序数词除用于列举时应与定冠词连用,但汉语通常用“第……”的形式来表达,再加上对序数词使用规则模糊,考生也倾向于在序数词前不用“the”。例如:“(The) more you read, the more you know.”,“(the) most important of all is the pollution”,“drive the car (the) first time”等。
3. 再次提到前文提到过的人或事物时省略定冠词
定冠词的一种用法就是在表示前面的话里或上文提到过的人或事物。但是有些考生在再次提到前文所提到的人或事物时不用定冠词,例如:“There are many reasons of (the) shortage of fresh water”。语境中所指确定时应使用定冠词,但在汉语中不必这样。比如在“该校的大部分学生”中,在“学生”前汉语不需要有相应的功能词来限定它,但英语却不行,应说“most of the students on campus”。从这个例子我们可以看出汉语的影响是存在的。
二、冠词冗余现象
1. 在序数词和基数词前多用了定冠词
在分项列举时序数词不与“the”连用,基数词通常也不用“the”修饰。但我们发现了许多在数词前多用了冠词的情况。例如:“(The) first, with the development of…”,“For (the) 2000 of years, people take it from rain, snow…”考生过度概括了序数词的用法规则,或记住了一般规则而没记住例外情况。他们可能知道在序数词前一般要用“the”,于是在基数词前不加限制地过度使用而产生了偏差。
2. 在固定词组中多用了冠词
此类现象发生的主要原因是对词组没有完全掌握,也可能是受到了母语的影响。按汉语的思维方式,有些词组是不该出现冠词的,但考生还是使用了冠词。考生注意到英语中存在冠词,而且名词前一般要用冠词,所以见到名词在不能确定用不用冠词时就干脆用了冠词。例如:“for an instance”,“Furthermore, the all sorts of pollution to fresh water make…”等。
3. 在泛指名词、抽象名词和有其他修饰语的名词前多用了冠词
我们也发现许多在泛指名词、抽象名词和有其它修饰语的名词前多用了冠词的情况,例如:
“I usually talk about the Practice Makes Perfect with my classmates.”这可能与名词的复杂性有关。考生也许分不清泛指名词和特指名词、抽象名词和具体名词,导致出现冠词误用的情况。